by
“… if the Book of Revelation was in fact written in AD 96,
only twenty-six years after the destruction of the Temple and the Holy City, it
is shocking that John
didn’t mention the recent massacre of the city and Temple”.
Jonathan Welton
Evidence for date of
John's exile on Patmos | Christian Forums
Taken from
the book, Raptureless, by Jonathan Welton, with some comments added:
The
following are proofs to show that the book of Revelation was written prior to
AD 70
Proof #1: The Syriac
The first
proof for an earlier dating of Revelation is the witness of one of the most
ancient versions of the New Testament, called The Syriac. The title page of the
fourth-century Syriac Version, called the Peshitto, says this: Again the
revelation, which was upon the holy John the Evangelist from God when he was on
the island of Patmos where he was thrown by the emperor Nero.
Nero Caesar
ruled over the Roman Empire from AD 54 to AD 68. This means John had to have
been on the island of Patmos during this earlier time period. One of the oldest
versions of the Bible tells us that Revelation was written before AD 70! This
alone is a very compelling argument.
Damien
Mackey’s comment:
Nero may have, in fact, ruled much earlier than this, disqualifying him
chronologically from any action against Saint John:
Nero,
though intensely wicked, was not St. John's beastly 666
(4) Nero, though
intensely wicked, was not St. John's beastly 666
Proof #2: Revelation
17:10
Second, when
we look at the internal evidence, we find a very clear indicator of the date of
authorship in Revelation
17:10:
“They are also seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, the other has not yet
come; but when he does come, he must remain for only a little while.” This
passage, which speaks of the line of rulers in Rome, tells us exactly how many
rulers had already come, which one was currently in power, and that the next
one would only last a short while. This accurately identifies the rule of Nero
and gives an outline of the Roman Empire of the first century. The succession
of the first seven Roman Emperors went like this: “Five have fallen ...” Julius
Caesar (49–44 BC) Augustus (27 BC–AD 14) Tiberius (AD 14–37) Caligula (AD
37–41) Claudius (AD 41–54) “One is ...” Nero (AD 54–68) “the other has not yet
come; but when he does come, he must remain for only a little while.” Galba
(June AD 68–January AD 69, a six-month rule). Of the first seven kings, five
had come (Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius, and Claudius), one was
currently in power (Nero), and one had not yet come (Galba), but would only
remain for a short time (six months). From this we can clearly see that the
current Caesar at the time of John’s writing was the sixth Caesar, Nero.
Damien
Mackey’s comment:
If my “Nero” article above is on the right track, then it makes a nonsense of
this standard imperial sequence, and thus of this Proof #2.
Proof #3:
Those Who Pierced Him
Our third
proof is found in the Hebrew idiom “coming on clouds,” … which speaks of God
coming to bring judgment on a city or nation.
That is what
Jesus came to do in AD 70. Revelation 1:7 tells us the target
of God’s judgment: Lo, he doth come with the clouds, and see him shall every
eye, even those who did pierce him, and wail because of him shall all the
tribes of the land. Yes! Amen (Revelation 1:7 YLT). Here, the phrase “those
who did pierce him” refers to the people of the first century. At any later
time in history, these people would be deceased. Yet, according to this
passage, they were expected to be alive at the time of this verse’s fulfillment.
This tells us that the prophecy of Revelation 1:7 had to be fulfilled
within a short time after Jesus’ death, while His accusers were still alive on
earth. In other words, it was fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem that
happened in AD 70. For this to be true, the Book of Revelation must have been
written before AD 70.
Proof #4: Influence of the Jews and Judaizing Heretics
Our fourth
proof is found in the fact that the activity of the Jewish leaders and
Judaizers in the Church is mentioned in the letters to the churches in
Revelation. Jesus speaks of “those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a
synagogue of Satan” (Rev.
2:9).
This was a clear reference to the Jewish leaders who persecuted the Christians.
Also, among the Christians existed a group called the … [Judaizers] who tried
to turn Christians back to the old covenant Jewish Law. This was a major heresy
in the first century church, and Paul wrote quite a bit against it. Prior to AD
70, both the Jewish leaders outside the church and the … [Judaizers] within the
church had a strong negative impact upon believers. About them, Jesus says: I
will make those who are of the synagogue of Satan, who claim to be Jews though
they are not, but are liars—I will make them come and fall down at your feet
and acknowledge that I have loved you (Revelation 3:9).
Before the
AD 70 destruction, it was advantageous to be a Jew. The Jewish people had a
favored relationship with Rome. They were allowed to have their own police
force and follow their own Temple system, so long as they continued in
subservience to the empire. But all that changed in AD 70, when the Roman army
destroyed Jerusalem and killed more than a million Jews. Ever since that time,
history has not been particularly kind to the Jewish people, and I think it is
safe to say that after AD 70 people were not touting their status as Jews.
These verses about people who falsely claimed to be Jews only makes sense in
the pre–AD 70 context. Since the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70, it has not
been advantageous to claim to be Jewish. In this way, these verses point to an
earlier dating of the letter. The first century Jews and Judaizers lost a great
deal of influence after the destruction of AD 70, because the Jewish religious
system had been destroyed and the Jewish population significantly diminished.
Only if we give the Book of Revelation an early date of authorship does the
significant presence and threat of the Jews and … [Judaizers] make sense.
Proof #5: Existence of Jerusalem and the Temple
Along the
same lines, the fifth proof of an earlier date is the existence and integrity
of Jerusalem and the Temple in Revelation 11. This suggests that the book was
written before the destruction of AD 70. On the other hand, if the Book of
Revelation was in fact written in AD 96, only twenty-six years after the
destruction of the Temple and the Holy City, it is shocking that John didn’t
mention the recent massacre of the city and Temple. The sheer unlikeliness that
John would omit such a crucial piece of Jewish history tells us that the book
must have been written prior to AD 70.
Proof #6: Time-related Passages
Our sixth
proof is in the time-related passages at both the beginning and end of
Revelation. In Revelation
1:1 and 1:3, as well as 22:10 and
22:20, we find internal time indicators that declare “the time is near,” it is
“shortly to come to pass,” “he is coming quickly,” and “behold, he comes
speedily.” John clearly wrote that the time of judgment was close. This only
fits if the book was written before the destruction of Jerusalem.
Proof #7:
John’s Appearance in AD 96
A seventh
reason to believe the Book of Revelation was written at the earlier date is the
appearance of John in AD 96. Jerome noted in his writings that John was seen in
AD 96, and he was so old and infirm that “he was with difficulty carried to the
church, and could speak only a few words to the people.” …. We must put this
fact together with Revelation 10:11, which says John must
“prophesy again concerning many peoples and nations and tongues and kings.” It
is difficult to imagine John would be able to speak to many nations and many
kings at any date after AD 96 since he was already elderly and feeble.
Proof #8: Timetable Comparison with Daniel
Eighth, in
Daniel’s prophesy about events that would happen hundreds of years later, he
was told to “roll up and seal the words of the scroll until the time of the
end,” because it was a long way off (Dan. 12:4ff). By contrast, John was
told, “Do not seal up the words of the prophecy of this scroll, because the
time is near” (Rev.
22:10).
While Daniel
was told to seal the prophecy up because it was a long way off (about 500
years), John was told not to seal it up because it was about to come to pass.
In other words, the prophetic events were closer than 500 years. This only
makes sense if the book was written prior to AD 70 and the prophecy was
fulfilled in AD 70.
Proof #9: Only Seven Churches
Our ninth
proof for an early dating of the writing of Revelation is the existence of only
seven churches in Asia Minor (see Rev. 1). This tells us that the
book was written before the greater expansion of Christianity into that region,
which occurred after the fall of Jerusalem.
These nine points strongly point to a dating of the writing of Revelation prior
to AD 70. The debate continues in scholarly circles, yet I believe these points
are convincing enough for us to move forward with the idea of a pre–AD 70
writing of Revelation.
