Friday, June 17, 2016

Toledôt Explains Abram’s Pharaoh

Sarai
 
by
 Damien F. Mackey
 
  
Toledôt and chiasmus, the keys to the structure of the Book of Genesis,
may lead us to a real name for this “Pharaoh”.
  
 
1. The Toledoth Guide
Since it was common in ancient Egyptian documents for the ruler of Egypt to be referred to therein simply as “Pharaoh” (Egyptian per-aa: “The Great House”. “Palace”),

pr-aa
"Great house"
in
hieroglyphs
critics are not correct, therefore, in their claim that the lack of an Egyptian name (such as e.g. “Khety”, “Thutmose”, or “Ramesses”) for the ruler in the case of the Abram and Joseph narratives of Genesis (cf. 12:15 and 39:1) is a further testimony, as they think, to these texts being unhistorical.
Since these texts refer to the ruler of Egypt only as “Pharaoh”, it is argued that we ought not to take them as being serious histories.
It appears, however, from a consideration of the structures of the Book of Genesis, that the Holy Spirit may have a trick for us all, at least in the case of Abram’s history. From the now well-known theory of toledôt (a Hebrew feminine plural), we might be surprised to learn that so great a Patriarch as Abram (later Abraham), did not sign off the record of his own history (as did e.g. Adam, Noah, and Jacob).
No, Abram’s story was recorded instead by his two chief sons, Ishmael and Isaac.
“These are the generations of Ishmael ...” (Genesis 25:12).
“These are the generations of Isaac ...” (Genesis 25:19).
So, there were two hands at work in this particular narrative, and this fact explains the otherwise strange repetition of several famous incidents recorded in the narrative.
And it is in the second telling of the incident of the abduction of Abram’s wife, Sarai (later Sarah), that we get the name of the ruler who, in the first telling of it is called simply “Pharaoh”. He is “Abimelech” (20:2).
Admittedly, there are such seeming differences between the two accounts, as regards names, geography and chronology, as perhaps to discourage one from considering them to be referring to the very same incident; and that despite such obvious similarities as:
- the Patriarch claiming that his beautiful wife was his “sister”;
- the ruler of the land taking her for his own;
- he then discovering that she was already married (underlined by plagues);
- and asking the Patriarch why he had deceived him by saying that the woman was his sister;
- the return of the woman to her husband, whose possessions are now augmented.
The seeming contradictions between the two accounts are that, whereas the first narrated incident occurs in Egypt, and the covetous ruler is a “Pharaoh”, the second seems to be located in southern Palestine, with the ruler being “King Abimelech of Gerar”, and who (according to a somewhat similar incident again after Isaac had married) was “King Abimelech of the Philistines” (26:1).
Again, in the first narrated account, the Patriarch and his wife have their old names, Abram and Sarai, whereas in the second account they are referred to as Abraham and Sarah, presumably indicating a later time.
In the first narrated account, the “Pharaoh” is “afflicted with great plagues because of Sarai”, whereas, in the second, “God healed Abimelech, and also healed his wife and female slaves so that they bore children” (20:17).
The differences can be explained fairly easily.
Ishmael understandably wrote his father’s history from an Egyptian perspective, because his mother, Hagar, was “an Egyptian slave-girl” in Abram’s household, and she later “got a wife for [Ishmael] from the land of Egypt” (cf. 16:1 and 21:21). Ishmael names his father “Abram” because that is how he was known to Ishmael. Moreover, the incident with “Pharaoh” had occurred while the Patriarch was still called Abram.
Isaac was not even born until some 25 years after this incident. His parents were re-named as Abraham and Sarah just prior to his birth. So, naturally, Isaac refers to them as such in the abduction incident, even though they were then Abram and Sarai.
Again, there is no contradiction geographically between Egypt and Gerar because we are distinctly told in Ishmael’s account that it was just before the family went to Egypt (12:11) that Abram had told his wife that she was to be known as his sister.
Gerar is on the way to Egypt.
Finally, whether the one whom Isaac calls “Abimelech” was still, in Isaac’s day, “Pharaoh” of Egypt - as he had been in former times - he most definitely was, at least, ruler over the Philistines at Gerar. Perhaps he ruled both lands, Egypt and Philistia.
Be that as it may, the Holy Spirit has apparently provided the name of Abram’s “Pharaoh”. But one needs to respect His literary structures to discover that name. We now know his personal name: “Abimelech”. In Hebrew (אֲבִימֶלֶךְ) it means “Father is King”, or “Father of the King”.
Since Abimelech is not an Egyptian name, and since the other designation that we have for him is simply “Pharaoh”, that data, in itself, will not take us to the next step of being able to identify this ruler in the Egyptian historical (or dynastic) records. But that our Abimelech may have - according to the progression of Ishmael’s and Isaac’s toledôt histories - ruled Egypt and then gone on to rule Philistia, could well enable us to locate this ruler archaeologically.
Dr. John Osgood has already done much of the ‘spade work’ for us here, firstly by nailing the archaeology of En-geddi at the time of Abram (in the context of Genesis 14) to the Late Chalcolithic period, corresponding to Ghassul IV in Palestine’s southern Jordan Valley; Stratum V at Arad; and the Gerzean period in Egypt (“The Times of Abraham”, Ex Nihilo TJ, Vol. 2, 1986, pp. 77-87); and secondly by showing that, immediately following this period, there was a migration out of Egypt into Philistia, bringing an entirely new culture (= Early Bronze I, Stratum IV at Arad). P. 86: “In all likelihood Egypt used northern Sinai as a springboard for forcing her way into Canaan with the result that all of southern Canaan became an Egyptian domain”.
2. The Chiasmus Guide
A reader, Ken Griffith, in an e-mail, came up with the very interesting proposal of chiasmus that he thought might even verify my view, Abimelech = Pharaoh.
He wrote:
…. Though men can write chiastically, only God can write historical chiasmus by causing events to happen in a symmetrical manner.
I am quite open to the idea that Abimelech might have been the [Pharaoh]. However, you need to deal with the literary structure of the passage in question. I think chiasmus is a far better explanation in this case than having two authors. ….
Ken has thus further confirmed my merging of “Pharaoh” with “Abimelech” by kindly providing the following chiastic structure for this part of the Book of Genesis:
Genesis 12-
A - Promise, Test (leave father's house), Worship
Promise of Blessing
Leave and go to another land.
Abraham and Lot Depart
Promise of Land
Builds Altar
B - Crisis, Attack, Conflict, Child
1 - Attack on Woman (Pharoah)
Famine
Goes down to Egypt
Call yourself my sister
Plagues
Abram leaves with wealth
2 - Crisis with Lot and Canaanites (Sodom plundered)
Abraham "comes up" from Egypt
Great Wealth
Parts the land with Lot
God promises all the Land he can see.
dwelt by Terebinth trees of Mamre
Amraphel 4 kings invade
Abram Rescues Lot
Melchizedek blesses Abram
Bread and Wine
Plunderestored
3 - Promise Hagar Sarah Conflict I
Vision "I am your shield and reward"
Abram - I have no children
Your descendants shall be as stars
Proof of giving land
Covenant with halved animals
Prophesy of Egyptian bondage
God goes between pieces
Promise of land from Nile to Euphrates
Sarai No children
Gives Hagar in 10th year
Child Conceived
Hagar offends Sarai
Hagar flees pregnant, prophecy of Ishmael
Hagar returns, bears Ishmael, Abram 86
C.
Abram 99, God makes new covenant
Abram – and Abraham, father many nations, very fruitful
Circumcision
Sarai – and Sarah, will have son
Abraham circumcised Ishmael, and household
B' – Crisis, Attack, Conflict, Child (Sodom destroyed)
2'. Crisis with Lot and Canaanites
Lord appears by terebinth trees of Mamre, judgment on Sodom
Son will appear in a year
Sarah laughs, his name shall be laughter (Isaac)
Abraham intercedes for Sodom
If there were 50 I would save it.
If there are 10 I would save it.
God and Abraham depart
Angels enter Sodom
Lot gives lodging
Men of City demand men
Angels blind them
Angels say, collect your family
Son in laws don't listen
Lot flees with family
Lot escapes to Zoar
God overthrows cities
Lot's wife turned to vapor
Abraham goes to where he had met with God
Sodom and Gomorrah and plain smoking like furnace
God remembered Abraham and delivered Lot
Lot with his daughters
Birth of Moab and Ammon
1' - Attack on Woman II leading to Child (Abimelech – and Isaac)
Abraham journeys South (goes down), dwelt between Kadesh and Shur
"she is my sister"
Abimelech King of Gerar sends for Sarah
God warns in dream
Abimelech judges Abraham sends him away with money.
Lord visits Sarah as promised,
Sarah conceived and bore Abraham a son, at set time.
Abraham calls his son Isaac.
Abraham circumcised Isaac.
Sarah rejoices.
3.' [ Promise + Sarah – and Hagar conflict II ] (This time Hagar gets the promise.)
Child weaned and feasted.
Ishmael scoffed and sent away.
Hagar meets God again in desert.
God promises great nation to Ishmael
Hagar finds water and gets a wife for her son from Egypt.
Abraham makes a covenant with Abimelech
Abraham finds his own well of water at Beersheeba.
Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, in land of Philistines.
A' Promise, Test, Worship
God calls Abraham, tells him to go to Land of Moriah
Abraham goes.
God tests him with Isaac.
Builds Altar
Abraham obeys.
God promises many descendants, stars of heaven and seashore, possess gates of enemies. Blessing.
Abraham returns to Beersheba and dwelt there.
[End of Ken’s chiasmus]
 
Admittedly, not well-formatted, but note how B. 1 and B’. 1’ merge beautifully with “Pharaoh” in B. 1 reflecting “Abimelech in B’. 1’.
 

Wednesday, June 15, 2016

Biblical History of Hatshepsut Queen and Pharaoh of Egypt


https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/e1/6f/11/e16f113e14fa492d5b03e5f813b82511.jpg

 

by

 

Damien F. Mackey

 

 

 




Part One: In the Kingdom of Israel

 



This new article, most heavily reliant upon the use of alter egos, will explore Abishag pairings with the “Shunammite” of the “Song of Solomon” and Tamar, daughter of King David; with “the Queen of the South”/“Queen of Sheba”; and also with - now including the Egyptian link - “Pharaoh’s daughter” as Queen (and Pharaoh) Hatshepsut. 

 

 

Introducing:

 

Abishag: … a beautiful young woman … a Shunammite” (I Kings 1:3).

Tamar: “Now David’s son Absalom had a beautiful sister named Tamar” (2 Samuel 13:1).

Shunammite: “… fairest among women” (Song of Solomon 1:8).

Queen of Sheba: “King Solomon gave the queen of Sheba all she desired and asked for …” (I Kings 10:13).

Pharaoh’s Daughter: “Solomon made an alliance with Pharaoh king of Egypt and married his daughter” (I Kings 3:1).

Hatshepsut: Whose name means “foremost of noble women”.

 

 

 

Just Abishag

 

 

Abishag: … a beautiful young woman … a Shunammite” (I Kings 1:3).

 

 

 

 


 

That is the question asked at: http://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/1521/why-was-abishag-the-shunammite-important which then, covering those portions of Scripture in which Abishag figures, will suggest a reason for it:

 

When we shift from Samuel to Kings, we start with this fairly benign story:
 
King David was now old, advanced in years; and though they covered him with bedclothes, he never felt warm. His courtiers said to him, “Let a young virgin be sought for my lord the king, to wait upon Your Majesty and be his attendant; and let her lie in your bosom, and my lord the king will be warm.” So they looked for a beautiful girl throughout the territory of Israel. They found Abishag the Shunammite and brought her to the king. The girl was exceedingly beautiful. She became the king’s attendant and waited upon him; but the king was not intimate with her.—1st Kings 1:1-4 (NJPS)
 
She is mentioned once more incidentally (1st Kings 1:15). In the next chapter, after David's death, Adonijah asks Bathsheba to request Solomon to give him Abishag as a wife (1st Kings 2:13-18). She then delivers the request to Solomon:
 
So Bathsheba went to King Solomon to speak to him about Adonijah. The king rose to greet her and bowed down to her. He sat on his throne; and he had a throne placed for the queen mother, and she sat on his right. She said, “I have one small request to make of you, do not refuse me.” He responded, “Ask, Mother; I shall not refuse you.” Then she said, “Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to your brother Adonijah as wife.” The king replied to his mother, “Why request Abishag the Shunammite for Adonijah? Request the kingship for him! For he is my older brother, and the priest Abiathar and Joab son of Zeruiah are on his side.”—1st Kings 2:19-22 (NJPS)
 
But why is asking for Abishag equivalent in Solomon's eyes to asking for the kingship? I see two options (neither of which seem compelling):
 
1.    Abishag's close relationship with David would link her (possible) husband to the throne.
2.    If Adonijah can manipulate Bathsheba, he could become the real power behind the throne.
 
After this, the text (and all of Scripture) cease to mention the woman. So what was her importance?
[End of quote]

 

If the identifications of Abishag to be proposed in this series may have any value, however, then Abishag the person far from ‘ceases to be mentioned in all of Scripture’.

Though she does cease to be mentioned by her name of ‘Abishag’:

גשַׁיבִאֲ

 

Now this name, in itself, appears to be of uncertain meaning. Thus we learn, according to: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00156.html

 

ABISHAG THE SHUNAMMITE (Heb. גשַׁיבִאֲ; "the [Divine] Father (?)"; meaning unknown; of *Shunem), an unmarried girl who was chosen to serve as sōkhenet to King David. The term comes from a root skn, "attend to," "take care," and its noun forms can be applied to high officials in Hebrew (Is. 22:15) Abishag's role was of a lower status. She served as bed companion to David in the hope that her fresh beauty would induce some warmth in the old man (I Kings 1:1–4, 15), and as his housekeeper. The notice (1:4) that "the king knew her not" serves less to impute decrepitude to David than to inform the audience that there would be no other claimants to David's throne than Solomon and Adonijah. When Solomon became king, *Adonijah, whose life Solomon had spared although he knew him to be a dangerous rival, asked *Bath-Sheba, Solomon's mother, to intercede on his behalf for permission to marry Abishag. Solomon correctly interpreted this request for the former king's concubine as a bid for the throne (See II Sam 12:8; 16:20–23), and had Adonijah killed (I Kings 2:13–25). Some see in Abishag, who is described as "very fair" (I Kings 1:4), the Shulammite of the Song of Songs (Shulammite being regarded as the same as Shunammite).

[End of quote]

 

Abishag’s home town of Shunem was an important location for Israel at least during the early Divided Monarchy period of King Ahab and Queen Jezebel. For, in the el Amarna series of letters, in Letter 250, we read of Shunem, or Shunama, being under dire threat.

Abishag was, according to a Jewish tradition, a sister of the “Great Lady of Shunem” at the time of the prophet Elisha (2 Kings 4:8). The Jewish Encyclopedia site tells of it (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5682-elisha): 

 

Pirḳe R. El. (l.c.) reports, in the name of R. Joshua ben Ḳarḥah, that any woman who saw Elisha would die. The Shunammite was the sister of Abishag, the wife of Iddo, the prophet. When she repaired to Mount Carmel to seek the intervention of the prophet in behalf of her son, Gehazi, struck by her beauty, took undue liberties with her. Elisha sent his servant with his staff bidding him not to speak with any one; but Gehazi, being a skeptic and a scoffer, disobeyed the injunction.

[End of quote]

 

At best, though, chronologically, the “Great Lady of Shunem” could only have been related to the much earlier Abishag. What any such a connection between the two may indicate, however, is that this Shunem was a seat of some prominence at the time.  

My guess is that when David’s courtiers “looked for a beautiful girl throughout the territory of Israel. They found Abishag the Shunammite and brought her to the king”, they were not actually checking out every beautiful girl throughout the land, whatever her status may have been. They, far more practically, would have been searching amongst only the royal and the noble - chiefly amongst the princesses of Israel. More than just endowed with beauty, though, the sōkhenet candidate would probably have been required to have had knowledge of health and healing.    

 

 

 

Rape of Tamar

 

 

 

Tamar: “Now David’s son Absalom had a beautiful sister named Tamar” (2 Samuel 13:1).

 

 

 

Introduction

 

The mysterious Abishag, about whom we know virtually nothing, biographically speaking, is thought to have - as we have already read - occupied very little scriptural space: “… the text (and all of Scripture) cease to mention the woman”.

Yet we also found her to have been of such supreme importance that “… asking for Abishag [was] equivalent in Solomon's eyes to asking for the kingship …”.

The next phase of Abishag’s life, which I believe the scriptural narrative picks up now in her guise as Tamar, will turn out to be a most wretched downturn in the girl’s fortunes, when she, abandoned by her closest relatives, plummets to the very nadir in “Abishag Rising”.   

 

Amnon and Tamar

 

King David had taken Abishag as his sōkhenet nurse at some point in his old age – which presumably came earlier to David given the rugged life that he had lived. As I see it, the young woman was already performing her services for the king when David’s oldest son, Amnon, conceived his desire for her - in her guise as Tamar - and asked for her to be brought to him to serve him in his illness (actually love-sickness), to nurse him, as she had been doing for the aged king. So David “sent home” (note), for Tamar to come to Amnon’s house, with disastrous results for the girl.

Here, now, is the biblical account of the rape of Tamar (2 Samuel 13:1-30), to which I shall add some of my own comments along the lines of my proposed Abishag-Tamar identification (vv. 1-2):

 

… Ab'sa-lom had a beautiful sister whose name was Ta'mar; and David's son Am'non fell in love with her. Am'non was so tormented that he ­made himself ill because of his sister Ta'mar, for she was a virgin and it seemed impossible to Am'non to do anything to her.

 

Comment: Recall that Abishag, too, was “beautiful”, and a “virgin” (I Kings 1:2, 3-4), and I have also surmised that she was probably a princess of Israel.

If Tamar were also, as Abishag, the “Shunammite” of the Song of Solomon - which will be an underlying theme in this series - then it would be fitting that King Solomon would there refer to her as Achoti (אֲחֹתִי), “my sister” (4:9).

She, for her part, wishes that he were her full brother (8:1): “If only you were to me like a brother, who was nursed at my mother’s breasts! Then, if I found you outside, I would kiss you, and no one would despise me”.

Tamar, Amnon and Solomon were siblings, all sharing the same renowned father, who was King David, but all having different mothers.

Later, another brother of theirs, Adonijah, will express a wish to marry Abishag (I Kings 2:17): “Please ask King Solomon—he will not refuse you—to give me Abishag the Shunammite as my wife.” Note that Adonijah here calls the girl “the Shunammite”, which is thus unlikely to have meant “Shulammite”, as in “belonging to Solomon”, as some have proposed.

 

Now, returning to the biblical narrative of the story (vv. 3-6):

 

But Am'non had a friend whose name was Jon'a-dab, the ­son of David's brother Shim'eah; and Jon'a-dab was a very crafty man. He ­said to him, "O son of the king, why are you so haggard morning after ­morning? Will you not tell me?" Am'non said to him, "I love Ta'mar, my brother Ab'sa-lom's sister." Jon'a-dab said to him, "Lie down on your ­bed, and pretend to be ill; and when your father comes to see you, say to him, 'Let my sister Ta'mar come and give me something to eat, and prepare the food in my sight, so that I may see and eat it from her hand.'" So Am'non lay down, and pretended to be ill; and when the king came to see him, ­Am'non said to the king, "Please let ­my sister Ta'mar come and make a couple of cakes in my sight, so that I may eat from her hand."

 

Comment: The cunning, Machiavellian Jonadab I have identified as:

 


 


 

As we return to the biblical narrative, we find that King David himself really throws his daughter Tamar into the deep end (vv.7-14):

 

Then David sent home to Ta'mar saying, "Go to your brother Am'non’s house, and prepare food for him." So Ta'mar went to her brother Am'non’s house, where he was lying down. She took dough, kneaded it, made cakes in his sight, and baked the cakes. Then she took the pan and set them out ­before him, but he refused to eat. Am'non said, "Send out everyone from me.” So everyone went out from him. Then Am'non said to Ta'mar, ‘Bring the food into the chamber, so that I might eat from your hand.” So Ta'mar took the cakes she had made, and brought them into the chamber to Am'non her brother. But when she brought them near him to eat, he took hold of her, and said to her, “Come, lie with me, my sister." She answered him, "No, my brother, do not force me; for such a thing is not done in Israel; do not do anything so vile! As for me, where should I carry my shame? And as for you, you would be as one of the scoundrels in Israel. Now therefore, I beg you, speak to the king; for he will not withhold me from you.” But he would not listen to her; and being stronger than she, he forced her and lay with her.

 

Comment: What was “such a thing [as] not done in Israel”, yet might be done if the king so approved. Was Tamar, then, although a princess of Israel, not ethnically an Israelite?

It will help my later identifications if she were not.

 

Amnon, having done the vile deed, will now turn away from his sister with disgust (vv. 15-19): 

 

Then Am'non was seized with a very great loathing for her. Indeed, his loathing was even greater than the lust he had felt for her. An Am'non said to her, “Get out!” But she said to him, “No my brother; for this wrong in sending me away is greater than the other that you did to me”. But he would not listen to her. He called the young man who served him and said, “Put this woman out of my presence, and bolt the door after her.” (Now she was wearing a long robe with sleeves; for this is how the virgin daughters of the king were clothed in earlier times) So his servant put her out, and bolted the door after her. But Ta'mar put ashes on her head, and tore the long robe that she was wearing; she put her hand on her head, and went away, crying aloud as she went.

 

Comment: Was this the same “robe” that the watchmen would take from the distraught girl? Cf. Song of Solomon 5:7. “The watchmen found me as they made their rounds in the city. They beat me, they bruised me; they took away my robe, those watchmen of the walls!”

 

According to the “Joab” article above, Jonadab (= General Joab) and Absalom, Tamar’s own full brother, had actually conspired to bring down the sensuous Amnon. Tamar was a complete victim in all of this, “an unwitting pawn of a devious schemer, an expendable token in the power play for the throne”. I wrote:

 

Jonadab, according to Hill, was not actually serving Amnon’s interests at all. He was cunningly providing Absalom with the opportunity to bring down his brother, Amnon, the crown prince:

 

More than this, I am inclined to see Jonadab as a co-conspirator with Absalom in the whole affair, since both men have much to gain.

Absalom’s desires for revenge against Amnon and ultimately his designs for usurping his father’s throne are clearly seen in the narrative (cf. 13:21-23, 32; 15:21-6). Amnon, as crown prince, stands in the way as a rival to the ambitions of Absalom. Absalom and Jonadab collaborate to remove this obstacle to kingship by taking advantage of a basic weakness in Amnon’s character.

The calculated plotting of Absalom and Jonadab is evidenced by the pointed questioning of Tamar by Absalom after her rape and his almost callous treatment of a sister brutishly violated and now bereft of a meaningful future (almost as if he expected it, at least according to the tone of the statements in the narrative; cf. 13:20-22). While a most reprehensible allegation, it seems Tamar may have been an unwitting pawn of a devious schemer, an expendable token in the power play for the throne.

 

Her self-interested brothers completely despised Tamar. Her shame reflected ingloriously upon the family, it was thought. Hence it is not surprising to read in the Song of Solomon (1:6): “My mother's sons were incensed against me; they made me keeper of the vineyards”.

Menial work for a princess!

And she adds the words: “But mine own vineyard [virginity?] have I not kept”.

 

Abishag can, it seems, merge seamlessly into Tamar. The former, too, was “beautiful”, and a “virgin” (I Kings 1:2, 3-4). And I have also surmised that Abishag was likely a princess of Israel, as Tamar certainly was.

Tamar, for her part, like Abishag, lived “at [David’s] home”. And she, like Abishag, lived there during David’s later years.

And Tamar, like Abishag, appear to exhibit similar nursing and healing type knowledge. On “Tamar’s activity” here, we read at: http://www.icanbreathe.com/Habbirya.html:

 

…. I want to know: What are the nature and purpose of Tamar’s activity? What follows is a necessarily brief summary of my research so far.

 

The first possibility is raised by the term biryâ. In 2 Sam 13, the root brh 8 is used to designate preparation of the food (tabrenî) and the ceremony involved in making the food (habbiryâ) which Amnon expects to eat (‘ebreh). Words arising from brh in the Bible have to do with eating, but are specific for breaking a fast in a time of grieving or illness. Forms of brh appear only in 2 Sam 3:35; 12:17; 13:5, 6, 10; and in Lam 4:10. Another form, barût is found in Ps 69:22 as food for a mourner.9 David for example refuses to break his fast, lehabrôt, during mourning for Abner (3:35) and he will not eat, brh, bread during his seven day fast and prayer vigil for the ailing infant of Bathsheba (12: 17). In Lam 4: 10, children become the food (perhaps divination-offering), lebarôt, prepared by their desperate mothers during the siege of Jerusalem. These uses suggest that the word chosen to express eating in 2 Sam 13 includes a connotation beyond an ordinary meal.

The root has sacred connotations in Hebrew. Beriyt means covenant, perhaps arising from “binding” in Assyrian barû.

 

10 In the Bible beriyt commonly refers to being bound by the covenant with YHWH, but also by a covenant between humans (Gen 14:13; I Sam 18:3) and with death (Isa 28: IS, 18; 57:8).11 In later Jewish parlance there is a meal of comfort, called seûdat habra’â12 given to a mourner after the funeral. Biryâ may be related to beriyt, covenant. Conceivably this later custom was a restoration of some familial/tribal bond with the dead, a covenant meal prepared ritually by a woman.13

 

Though the divinatory meaning of brh is not common in Hebrew, it is among ancient Israel’s neighbors. In Akkadian, barû priests are diviners who inspect livers, and the related term biru, “divination,” 14 is conducted also by women who interpret dreams. Occult inquiry was known in Israel where reported practice is primarily about men. Priests, prophets, seers, and kings in ancient Israel drew lots, used the ephod, interpreted dreams and signs to divine YHWH’s will.15However, Barak (Judg 4), King Saul (1 Sam 28), and King Josiah (2 Kgs 22) learned the future by means of a woman. We may not assume that other people’s customs are identical to Israel’s; however, by exploring ancient approaches to healing we may apply to 2 Sam 13 a range of activities reflecting a frame of reference common to peoples of the ancient Near East.16

 

In Mesopotamia. besides priestly diviners, there are references to two types of women diviners who in particular are “approached in cases of sickness,”17 as is the case with Amnon. One passage reads, “We shall ask here the šã’litu-priestesses, the baritu-priestesses and the spirits of the dead …..”18 Elsewhere, the goddess of healing, Gula, sings in a hymn of praise of herself, “Mistress of health am I, I am a physician, I am a diviner (ha-ra-ku), I am an exorcist…..”19

 

Magic and medicine were one in the ancient Near East. ….

[End of quote]

 

Finally, it would be fitting if one as significant as Abishag should receive further mention in the Scriptures – unless, of course, death had intervened.

 

 

 

Tamar –

what becomes of the broken-hearted?

 

 

 

Shunammite: “… fairest among women” (Song of Solomon 1:8).

 

 

 

 

Different Names

 

This series began with Abishag (the same as “the Shunammite” of the Song of Solomon), who then - according to what followed - merged quite seamlessly into Tamar, the daughter of King David and sister of Absalom.  

The term “Shunammite” is appropriate for the young woman under consideration, since Abishag herself was “a Shunammite” (I Kings 1:3).

According to one interpretation of the Song of Solomon 8:10, ‘I am a wall, and my breasts are like towers. Thus I have become in his eyes like one bringing contentment’: “The Shulammite testified that she was a virgin. Thus, she had found favour with Solomon” (https://books.google.com.au/books?id=igdqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA897&lpg=PA897&dq=sh).

That was before her “vineyard” (virginity) had been ravaged.

But how to account for the different name, “Tamar” (Hebrew: תָמָר), meaning “palm tree”? Most interestingly, that very same word occurs in the Song of Solomon, 7:8, where the Shunammite is actually likened to a palm tree (תָמָר): “I said, ‘I will climb the palm tree; I will take hold of its fruit’.” 

 

זֹאת קוֹמָתֵךְ דָּמְתָה לְתָמָר, וְשָׁדַיִךְ לְאַשְׁכֹּלוֹת.

 

This was typical Solomon at work. Had he not, in his guise as Senenmut in Egypt:

 

Solomon and Sheba

 


 

amused himself by “creating cryptograms, e.g. in relation to Hatshepsut's throne name, Make-ra …”?

 

May it be the case of a different book, with a different author, using a different name? Abishag appears in I Kings, Tamar appears in 2 Samuel. The story of the rape of Tamar (RT) is an example of “the short embedded narrative” situated within a larger narrative (http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/vox/vol20/tamar_smith.pdf). Hence, just as the more familiar Joab may have been presented in the account of RT by the (slightly) different name, “Jonadab”, according to my:

 


 


 

so may the author of RT have used the different name, “Tamar”, for the one we know otherwise as Abishag.

We have found the name, “Abishag”, to be of “uncertain” meaning. According to one view, which merges - as I have done - Abishag with the Shunammite of the Song of Solomon (https://jamesbradfordpate.wordpress.com/2015/12/21/book-write-up-solomons-song-by-roberta-kells-dorr/):

 

Shulamit [Shunammite] is known as Abishag by her brothers, because they see her as their father’s mistake: their father’s favorite wife had only a girl, but no sons. [sic] (In terms of the Hebrew, “Abi” means “my father,” and the verb sh-g-g and sh-g-h can relate to an error.) Shulamit’s father agrees to let her go, in exchange for a piece of Solomon’s vineyard, which is in the north.

 

Absalom and Tamar

 

Tamar, first ravaged and then detested by the lustful Amnon, would also be treated most shabbily by her brother, Absalom, who may have, anyway, with Jonadab, manipulated the whole sordid incident. We recall from earlier:

 

The calculated plotting of Absalom and Jonadab is evidenced by the pointed questioning of Tamar by Absalom after her rape and his almost callous treatment of a sister brutishly violated and now bereft of a meaningful future (almost as if he expected it, at least according to the tone of the statements in the narrative; cf. 13:20-22). While a most reprehensible allegation, it seems Tamar may have been an unwitting pawn of a devious schemer, an expendable token in the power play for the throne.

 

And we read in 2 Samuel 13:20: “Her brother Ab'salom said to her, ‘Has Am'non your brother been with you? Be quiet now, my sister; he is your brother; do not take this to heart’. So Ta'mar remained, a desolate woman, in her brother Ab'salom’s house”.

Cold comfort, indeed.

Absalom, who shared the same mother with Tamar, may have been one of those referred to in the Song of Solomon (1:6) “… my mother’s children [who] were angry with me [Tamar]”. Incorrect, though, would be the following assessment of this verse:

 


The reason for the punishment her brothers inflicted on her was because she did not keep her own vineyard. The symbolism behind the vineyard is probably a reference to her virginity, that is, that she gave herself sexually to her shepherd lover and as a result her brothers punished her for her indiscretion.

[End of quote]

 

On the contrary, at least one of her “mother’s children”, or “mother’s sons”, Absalom - who should have ensured that his sister retained her virginity - may actually have been guilty of facilitating her loss of it.

 

Back Home at Shunem?    

 

We might surmise, on the basis that Tamar was Abishag of Shunem, that “Absalom’s house” was situated there as well, and that the girl returned to her former home. Hence her references in the Song of Solomon to her “mother” and her “mother’s children”. For example (1:6): “… my mother’s children were angry with me; they made me the keeper of the vineyards …”. And (8:1, 2): “O that thou wert as my brother, that sucked the breasts of my mother! … I would lead thee, and bring thee into my mother’s house, who would instruct me: I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine of the juice of my pomegranate”.

 

Now (8:11), “Solomon had a vineyard in Baal Hamon; he let out his vineyard to tenants. Each was to bring for its fruit a thousand shekels of silver”. If the house of the mother of Absalom and Tamar - we shall be learning more about the mother later - were situated in Shunem, then it would not have been very far from Solomon’s vineyard in Baal Hamon - if the following estimation is correct (http://biblehub.com/commentaries/songs/8-11.htm):

 


 

…. at Baal-hamon] Oettli, following Rosenmüller, thinks this place is identical with Belamon or Balamon in Jdt 8:3, which, he says, was not far from Shunem, Dothan, and the plain of Esdraelon. If the keepers are the Shulammite’s brothers, Baal-hamon would naturally be in the neighbourhood of Shunem.

 

The Song of Solomon makes various reference to “vineyards”, e.g. 1:6; 7:12; 8:12.

The “mother’s children”, or “sons”, may have been “tenants” of Solomon’s vineyard. Part of their work could have been to control those pesky “little foxes” (2:15):

 

Catch for us the foxes,
    the little foxes
that ruin the vineyards,
    our vineyards that are in bloom.

 

King David’s Reaction     

 

If Tamar were also Abishag, as according to this series, “Abishag Rising”, then she had already been put to a very strange usage - at least by our standards (I Kings 1:1-4):

 

King David had become very old. His servants covered him with blankets, but he couldn’t stay warm. They said to him, ‘Allow us to find a young woman for our master the king. She will serve the king and take care of him by lying beside our master the king and keeping him warm’. So they looked in every corner of Israel until they found Abishag from Shunem. They brought her to the king. She was very beautiful. She cared for the king and served him, but the king didn’t have sex with her.

 

Moreover, it was at King David’s command that Tamar had gone to Amnon in the first place. For, as we read previously:

 

… Am'non lay down, and pretended to be ill; and when the king came to see him, ­Am'non said to the king, ‘Please let ­my sister Ta'mar come and make a couple of cakes in my sight, so that I may eat from her hand’. Then David sent home to Ta'mar saying, ‘Go to your brother Am'non’s house, and prepare food for him’.

 

And now, in the case of her being raped by Amnon, there is no action on the part of the king. Ever indulgent towards his sons, King David, though “very angry”, does absolutely nothing (2 Samuel 13:21): “When King David heard of all these things, he became very angry, but he would not punish his son Am'non, because he loved him, for he was his firstborn”.

A. Hill, from whom we have quoted previously in this series, will tellingly refer to “Amnon’s domination by sensuality … a trait he shared with his father David”.    

 

Absalom Avenges the Violation of His Sister

 

The calculating Absalom, who hated his brother, Amnon - even before the latter’s rape of Tamar, apparently - waited “two full years” before he acted (vv. 22-23): “But Ab'salom spoke to Am'non neither good nor bad; for Ab'salom hated Am'non, because he had raped his sister Ta'mar. After two full years Absalom …”.

It may have been during this brief period of time that the Shunammite was able to enjoy her bucolic phase of life with the one she hoped to marry, Solomon. But, under the circumstances, it had to be done somewhat surreptitiously, ‘peering through windows and lattices’ (2:9): “My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag. Look! There he stands behind our wall, gazing through the windows, peering through the lattice”, or wishing and hoping (8:1, 2): “O that thou wert as my brother … I would … bring thee into my mother’s house”.

 

Absalom will now go seriously into action (2 Samuel 13:23-36):  

 

After two full years Ab'salom had sheepshearers at Ba'al-ha'zor, which is near E'phraim, and Ab'salom invited all the king's sons. Ab'salom came to the king, and said, "Your servant has sheepshearers; will the king and his servants please go with your servant?" But the king said to Ab'sa-lom, "No, my son, let us not all go, or else we will be burdensome to you." He pressed him, but he would not go but gave him his blessing. Then Ab'sa-lom said, “If not, please let my brother Am'non go with us." The king said to him, "Why should he go with you?" But Ab'­sa-lom pressed him until he let Am'­non and all the king's sons go with him. Ab'sa-lom made a feast like a king's feast. Then Ab'sa-lom com­manded his servants, "Watch when Am'non's heart is merry with wine, and when I say to you, 'Strike Am'­non,' then kill him. Do not be afraid; have I not myself commanded you? Be courageous and valiant." So the ser­vants of Ab'sa-lom did to Am'non as Ab'sa-lom had commanded. Then all the king's sons rose, and each mounted his mule and fled.

While they were on the way, the report came to David that Ab'sa-lom had killed all the king's sons, and not one of them was left. The king rose, tore his garments, and lay on the ground; and all his servants who were standing by tore their garments. But Jon'a-dab, the son of David's brother Shim'e-ah, said, "Let not my lord sup­pose that they have killed all the young men the king's sons; Am'non alone is dead. This has been determined by Ab'sa-lom from the day Am'non raped his sister Ta'mar. Now there­fore, do not let my lord the king take it to heart, as if all the king's sons were dead; for Am'non alone is dead."

But Ab'sa-lom fled. When the young man who kept watch looked up, he saw many people coming from the Hor-o.na'im road by the side of the mountain. Jon'a-dab said to the king, "See, the king's sons have come; as your servant said, so it has come about." As soon as he had finished speaking, the king's sons arrived, and raised their voices and wept; and the king and all his servants also wept very bitterly.

 

Absalom, as we read above, had told his violated sister, Tamar, ‘not to take it to heart’, and now Jonadab tells King David the very same, ‘do not let my lord the king take it to heart’. David had not queried Amnon’s request for Tamar, but he did query Absalom’s request for Amnon. ‘Why should he go with you?’

In all of this it appears to have been Tamar herself who had acted the most honourably.

 

 

Grandfather and Mother of Tamar

 

 

2 Samuel 13:37, 38:

“Absalom fled and went to Talmai son of Ammihud, the king of Geshur … he stayed there three years”.

 

This Part Three (iii) will be a bridge, connecting Tamar - a princess of Israel - (and Absalom) to other royal connections in “the south”, to be considered fully in Part Four.

 

 

Introduction

 

Whether or not Tamar - who may have been under close surveillance during her stay in “Absalom’s house”, and by “the watchmen” of the Song of Solomon 5:7 - had also been carted away with Absalom when he fled to Geshur, the narrative of 2 Samuel 13 does not inform us. But here in this Part Three (iii) our main point of interest will be Absalom’s and Tamar’s other (apart from the royal Judaean) family, stemming from “Talmai king of Geshur”.

As we learn from I Chronicles 3:1-4, Absalom was “the third” son born to David in Hebron:

 

These were the sons of David born to him in Hebron:

 

The firstborn was Amnon the son of Ahinoam of Jezreel;

the second, Daniel the son of Abigail of Carmel;

the third, Absalom the son of Maakah daughter of Talmai king of Geshur;

the fourth, Adonijah the son of Haggith;

the fifth, Shephatiah the son of Abital;

and the sixth, Ithream, by his wife Eglah.

 

These six were born to David in Hebron, where he reigned seven years and six months.

 

“… the second, Daniel”, about whom we read nothing more, may have died early. But we have already met Amnon the rapist; Absalom the conspirator; and Adonijah the would-be-king.

A truly dysfunctional state of princes!

Solomon, whom we have met as well, was born after “these six”, in Jerusalem (v. 5).

“Absalom the son of Maakah daughter of Talmai king of Geshur”, was, as we have learned, the brother of the person of main interest in this series: “Tamar, the beautiful sister of Absalom son of David” (2 Samuel 13:1).

Most interestingly, their maternal grandfather, Talmai, was, like their father David, a “king”. Apart from the great Hiram of Tyre, few kings in the approximate region are actually named - as far as I know - during David’s late phase of kingship and Solomon’s early reign. One is (named by his title) “Pharaoh king of Egypt” (I Kings 3:1): “Solomon made an alliance with Pharaoh king of Egypt and married his daughter”, who “had attacked and captured Gezer. He had set it on fire. He killed its Canaanite inhabitants and then gave it as a wedding gift to his daughter, Solomon’s wife” (9:16). “Talmai king of Geshur” is another such monarch.

I am going to propose in Part Two that “Talmai” was the same as this “Pharaoh king of Egypt”, thereby also connecting our Israelite princess, Tamar, to Egyptian royalty.  

 

http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v223/Liz-ONBC/Alice%20in%20Wonderland/Crowns/crowns.jpg