Saturday, November 2, 2024

Jacob and Joseph, Step Pyramid, Famine

by Damien F. Mackey The manifestation of Joseph in Egypt upon whom I want to concentrate here, initially, is as Den (or Udimu), considered to have been one of the First Dynasty pharaohs. A. Joseph of Egypt as Den (Usaphais) According to a legend as recorded by Artapanus (History of the Jews), c. 100 BC, Moses was “a king” of Egypt. This information, most crucial if it were true, but leading one on a wild goose chase if it were not, saw me spending years trying to identify Moses as one or other Pharaoh. And it is still leading scholars a merry dance, with Amenemhet IV being a favourite for King Moses, though some regard Moses as the monotheistic Akhnaton (Akhenaten). Moses was, as it turns out, Vizer and Chief Judge in Egypt: mighty, but not Pharaonic. His office is perfectly defined by the more belligerent of the two squabbling Hebrews, who rounded on him with (Exodus 2:14): ‘Who made you ruler [Vizier] and [Chief] judge over us? Are you thinking of killing me as you killed the Egyptian?’ In the case of Moses’ predecessor, Joseph of Egypt, no one (I think) claims that he was an actual Pharaoh. The ruler of Egypt at the time makes quite clear how Joseph stands in relation to the throne (Genesis 41:39-40): “Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, ‘Since God has made all this known to you, there is no one so discerning and wise as you. You shall be in charge of my palace, and all my people are to submit to your orders. Only with respect to the throne will I be greater than you’.” Revisionist historians, who have endured no end of head-scratching towards arriving at a plausible identification for the historical Moses, more quickly came up with such a candidate for Joseph. He was the Vizier IMHOTEP of Egypt’s Third Dynasty, the highly talented and trusted sage and architect serving King Horus Netjerikhet, wrongly also called Djoser (or Zoser – read further on). There is that famous Famine Stela, erected many centuries later than the time of Horus Netjerikhet and Imhotep, telling of how Imhotep had saved Egypt from a seven-year famine. So, it seems that the partnership between this pair is clearly defined, Horus Netjerikhet was the King, and Imhotep was his Vizier. All well and good so far: Imhotep (= Joseph) – seven-year famine (= biblical Famine). That ideal situation was suddenly shattered for me this year when Brenton Minge, who had previously written a most important booklet entitled Jesus Spoke Hebrew. Busting the “Aramaic” Myth, sent me a copy of his unpublished work on Egyptology, Pharaoh’s Evidence. Egypt’s Stunning Witness to Joseph and Exodus, in which he erased Imhotep from history, cleverly arguing that Imhotep was a title and not a name, and that the actual name of the official, presumably referring to the biblical Joseph, had been deleted from the base of Horus Netjerikhet’s Saqqara statue. As the year wore on, I was able (so I believe) to locate Imhotep as a real person in ancient Egypt. More on that afterwards. In the process, I managed to come up with a whole lot of identifications, alter egos, for Joseph in Egypt. He who had formerly been scarce - and even scarcer if Imhotep were to be removed from any consideration - was all of a sudden popping up everywhere. The manifestation of Joseph in Egypt upon whom I want to concentrate here, initially (A.), is as Den (or Udimu) (c. 3000 BC, conventional dating), considered to have been one of the First Dynasty pharaohs. The name, Den, may be a posthumous attribution. In an earlier article, I had come to light with the following rather neat arrangement: When Egypt’s dynasties are not set in single file, there may occur this nice symmetry: Abraham (dynasties 1 and 10) Joseph (dynasties 3 and 11) Moses (dynasties 4 and 12) …. This sort of parallel structuring will not be found, of course, in the text books. Evolutionary-minded modern scholars have a habit of wanting everything set linear. If Den (pictured above in typical pharaonic smiting pose) were the biblical Joseph, however, then the First Dynasty would now need to be split between Abraham and Joseph (dynasties 1, 3 and 11). The status of Joseph turns out to be quite unlike that of Moses, over whom the Pharaoh would have had the power of life and death. Joseph was, as I have come to determine, a quasi-Pharaoh, who, in some cases, did not even bother to recognise the actual Pharaoh. How could this have been? I suspect that Joseph, aged 30 when he stood before Pharaoh (c. 1700 BC) armed with his inspired interpretations of the Dreams, was somewhat older than the Pharaoh, who must have been in awe of this brilliant Hebrew. “Joseph was thirty years old when he entered the service of Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from Pharaoh’s presence and travelled throughout Egypt” (Genesis 41:46). No wonder that Pharaoh regarded Joseph as his “Father”. For, as Joseph tells his penitent brothers (Genesis 45:8): ‘So then, it was not you who sent me here, but God. He made me Father to Pharaoh, lord of his entire household and ruler of all Egypt’. Joseph’s own father, Jacob, would twice bless the (presumably young) Pharaoh (Genesis 47:7, 10), as a superior to an inferior (as has been said), but perhaps also as a grandfather might bless his grandchild. Not untypically for a young person, the Pharaoh, after Jacob had blessed him, “asked him, ‘How old are you?’” (vv. 7-8). Den’s alternative names There are various compelling reasons why I am now convinced that Joseph in Egypt was Den, not least of these being his other name, as given by Manetho, Usaph-ais. This, Usaph, is purely the Semitic name for Joseph (Yosef, Yusef) with a Greek ending. But that is not all. Den also had the hypocoristic nick-name, Khasti, “foreigner”, which is exactly how the Egyptians would have viewed the Hebrew Joseph, whose brothers would require an interpreter (Genesis 42:23). If all that were not enough, the name Den is interpreted as meaning “bringer of water”, or “pourer of water”, which is precisely what Joseph did for a parched Egypt. Summing up the names of Den, then, we arrive at this happy combination: Usaph (Joseph); the foreigner; he who brings water. Close to Den in the First Dynasty list is Djet, again a famine Pharaoh: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djet “Manetho mentions that in [Djet’s] reign a great famine seized Egypt”. Owing to the abundant harvests of the River Nile, famines (especially “great” ones) were extremely rare in Egypt. Even before we come to consider a prime candidate for Joseph, Imhotep, in Egypt’s Third Dynasty, we have found ourselves already feasting like a well-fed land of Egypt upon the abundant wheat of evidence for the First Dynasty’s Den as Joseph. And there is plenty more harvest to come, before we move on to Imhotep himself. Den and the Heb-Sed Festival Konstantin Borisov (2024) has written of the uniqueness of this somewhat poorly understood Egyptian festival (Archaeological Discovery, 12, 46-65): https://www.scirp.org/journal/ad The Egyptian Pyramids—Connection to Rain and Nile Flood Anomalies …. The Heb-Sed festival stands out as one of the most prominent and potentially the most ancient festival in ancient Egypt. This festival served as a demonstration of the king’s vitality and potency, although certain aspects of its origin and specific details remain unclear. There is a belief that the festival tested the king’s vital power and if unsuccessful, the king would be sacrificed and replaced by a more potent successor. The Heb-Sed ceremonies have been the subject of extensive excavations conducted over the years, revealing valuable insights into this ancient Egyptian tradition (Uphill, 1965). It is widely acknowledged that these festivities occurred thirty years after the king’s accession to the throne, although certain rulers deviated from this pattern and held them more frequently. …. This can be accomplished drawing on the research work of Barbara Bell published in the American Journal of Archeology. Bell argued that a key responsibility of a reigning king in ancient Egypt included rainmaking (Bell, 1970, 1971, 1975). According to this perspective, the king had a crucial role in ensuring the prosperity of the cultivated Egyptian lands by controlling rainfall through his purported magical abilities. It was believed that the king possessed the power to make the banks of the Nile valley and even the desert wadis green (Allen, 1988: p. 41). Extending this line of thinking, when the king died, he was believed to continue his caring role, though in a different capacity as a great god in the afterlife, where he would still oversee rain, crops, and Nile levels (Frankfort, 1978: p. 59). Meanwhile, his successor Horus, inheriting the role of his predecessor, fulfills his caregiving obligations upholding the principles of Maat, the fundamental principle of the world order (Teeter, 1997), where the integral part of Maat is offering rituals to the gods, which was believed to be essential in retaining the divine oversight and protection (Assmann, 2001: p. 5). It was believed that upholding Maat, a pharaoh could restore the Egyptian land to its primordial time (Teeter, 1997: p. 9), evoking the imagery of a land flourishing with abundant rainfall. Therefore, it seems conceivable that there exists a connection between “resting Ka”, rainfall, and Maat. The connection between the deceased king and rainfall receives additional support from the writings of Plutarch, a renowned philosopher from the first century. It is widely recognized that the deceased king is associated with the deity Osiris, who is not only the god of the dead, but also holds significance as an agricultural god. According to Plutarch, Osiris is linked to all germinating moisture (Plutarch, c.100, 1936: p. 81), which can be seen as a reference to rain. Furthermore, Osiris is associated with Nile floods and vegetation (Breasted, 1912: p. 23). The ancient Egyptians believed that only by performing the prescribed offering ceremonies correctly and at the right season could the Nile rise to the appropriate level to water the lands (Budge, 1910: p. 172). They also believed that cutting back on offering would result in famine throughout the land (Assmann, 2001: p. 64). Consequently, based on this association, one could interpret that there is indeed a link between the deceased king, offerings, and rainfall. …. Important for this article, and cutting through certain Egyptian superstitious beliefs and rituals, is the connection between the Heb-Sed festival and rain to prevent famine. And it may all have begun with our Den, as Konstantin Borisov will go on to tell: …. Evidence 1—Famine Stela The Famine Stela from the island of Sehel, recounts a seven-year drought during the reign of the third dynasty pharaoh Djoser [sic] (Budge, 1994: p. 60). Although the stela itself is a reproduction of an older text, the story line is what carries significance. According to the stela, the gods were angered by the Egyptians’ lack of worship towards the Nile gods, leading them to unleash a prolonged period of aridity and insufficient Nile floods. To investigate this matter, Djoser sends Imhotep, who consults older records and discovers that floods are controlled by the god Khnum-Khufu, residing in Elephantine. As a response, Djoser reinstates offerings to the Nile gods, resulting in the drought ending, the Nile returning to its appropriate level, and bountiful agriculture and crops. Two noteworthy points emerge from this evidence. Firstly, the story establishes a clear link between rainfall and offerings to the gods. It is hypothesized that Djoser likely made Maat offerings, which then allowed nature to respond accordingly. Secondly, the knowledge of the rainmaking practice seems to have been forgotten at Djoser’s time. As Imhotep, himself, needed to align with older records to recover the knowledge. The question is then, when was this originally devised? It is quite enticing to attribute this innovation to the era of the 1st Dynasty ruler, Den. This inclination arises due to several compelling factors. Firstly, the Palermo stone, which records the lineage of kings, also includes measurements from a Nilometer (Bell, 1970: p. 571). These measurements reveal a significant anomaly during Den’s reign, depicting higher Nile levels compared to the periods before and after his rule. Moreover, Den’s Horus name, which is one of the earliest among the five names with a serekh façade, is bestowed upon the king posthumously (Petrie, 1888: p. 22). Notably, Gardiner suggests that Den’s Horus name, “Udimu”, can be translated as “water pourer” (Gardiner, 1961: p. 401). It is plausible to pressume [sic] that Den’s recognized role in procuring rainfall and higher Nile levels left a lasting impression on his followers, leading them to confer upon him the appellation of “water pourer”. This could indicate the recognition of his association with precipitation and his perceived ability to influence favorable weather conditions. …. Den, who “left a lasting impression”, went down to posterity as the Bringer of Water, the Water Pourer, who had been able to procure “rainfall and higher Nile levels” (consider the seven years of plenty, Genesis 41:47-49). In actual fact, Den, as Joseph, had achieved this owing to a divinely inspired prescience of weather patterns and outcomes, rather than through ancient Egyptian rituals and superstitious incantations. There are some aspects, at least, of the Heb-Sed festival that I think may recall incidents in the lives of Jacob and Joseph. It was initially centred around the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, which I hold to have been a ‘material icon’ of Jacob’s dream of a Stairway to Heaven” (Genesis 28:12): https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/pyramid_gallery_03.shtml “Djoser's pyramid has a stepped appearance. It is an extension of the mound found in mastaba tombs and is usually interpreted as a symbolic mound of creation, but can also be read as a stairway to heaven”. (Joyce Tyldesely) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/14/humanities.highereducation “The pyramids of Egypt could be explained as symbolic stairways to the stars …”. “So Jacob was left alone, and a man wrestled with him till daybreak”. Genesis 32:4 Wrestling with a young man was also a feature of the ancient Egyptian Heb-Sed festival. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=wLUjtPDyu- “The heb-sed court at Saqqara is a long rectangular open court where the king performed the heb-sed ritual, part of which was to wrestle with a young man in order to prove he was strong enough to continue ruling Egypt”. It may be less plausible, perhaps, to associate the 30-year span associated with the Heb-Sed festival with Joseph’s being 30 years old when he stood before Pharaoh. What is more certain - though not Heb-Sed related - is that Joseph’s age at death, 110 (Genesis 50:26), became the ideal age for at least the later sage Amenhotep son of Hapu to aspire to. And the famous sage, Ptahhotep, a semi-mythical character, it seems - whom many equate with Joseph - is supposed to have lived to the age of 110. The special Heb-Sed cloak may perhaps allude to the coat that Jacob gave to his son (Genesis 37:3): “Now Israel loved Joseph more than any of his other sons, because he had been born to him in his old age; and he made an ornate robe for him”. As Joseph was relieved of his coat by his vengeful brothers (Genesis 37:23), so was the cloak removed and replaced by a kilt during the athletic phase of the Heb-Sed festival. B. Joseph of Egypt as Imhotep The biblical Joseph has been identified by various revisionists as either Imhotep, or Ptahhotep, or both. The great Imhotep, who saved Egypt from a seven-year Famine, and who was the architect of the glorious Step Pyramid at Saqqara. In later eras, Imhotep became revered as a saint and thaumaturgist, a wonder-worker, and he even became known as the Father of Medicine, Imouthes (Greek Aesculapius). The Greco-Romans also turned Imhotep-Ptahhotep into The Father of Philosophy. Thales the First Philosopher Thales of Miletus, definitely a character of fiction, was likely based on Joseph as filtered through the sage Ptahhotep. Tha (Egyptian Ptah), with Greek ending -les. The absent-minded Thales, like Joseph (but for a different reason) ended up in a well, and measured a pyramid (like Imhotep as the architect of the Step Pyramid). Ironically, modern scholars rejoice, favourably contrasting Thales with Joseph - the triumph of Greek rationalism, so they think, over biblical prophecy and miracles. Previously I wrote about this intriguing situation: …. The implications for all of this must be a complete and fundamental shifting away from “Athens”, to “Jerusalem”, which philosophical ‘plate tectonics glide’ will necessitate also an enthusiastic embracing of the profound metaphysical Wisdom of which the pages of the Old Testament are replete. Apart from the fact that the Greeks were pagans, who often persecuted the Jews, there are critical reasons why I think that the early history of philosophy as it is taught, as I, indeed, was taught it, stands in need of a radical re-assessment of its origins. Moderns, who may yearn for a triumph of Greek rationalism over Hebrew religious, prophetic and sapiential thinking, and who may therefore rejoice in the advent of a scientific and rationalistic natural philosopher, a “Thales”, supposedly overshadowing, say, a mystical (biblical) Jacob, whose Ladder reaches into the heavens - “an Hellenic Götterdämmerung”, as Mark Glouberman (Kwantlen Polytechnic University, BC, Canada) has triumphantly called it - ought to be disappointed. But why? THERE WAS NO HISTORICAL THALES! Who there was, was an inspired Hebrew sage, JOSEPH, known in Egypt as Imhotep (and probably Ptah-hotep), who has been appropriated by the Greco-Romans and re-presented as an Ionian Greek natural philosopher with an odd Egyptian-Greek name (Ptah-les). A Turkish author and lecturer recently sent me the following typical view of the beginnings of wisdom, philosophy and rational thinking: In accordance with the generally accepted principle of the birth and starting point of the history of philosophy, starts with the "philosophers of nature" which is an Anatolian sourced phenomenon. Those Natural Philosophers in the south west or south of the Anatolian coast are accepted not only as the founders of western philosophy, but also they are the first brains explaining the truth with the help of natural phenomenon, instead of super natural powers. From my personal perspective, I always think that east and Far East of the world have also very powerful philosophical streams. …. Mark Glouberman (specialising in the history of early modern philosophy) has written euphorically (“Jacob’s Ladder … Personality and Autonomy in the Hebrew Scriptures”, Mentalities/Mentalités, 1998): Thales, one of the Seven Sages Of antiquity, is garlanded with the honorific "First Philosopher." From Miletus, Thales' home city on the coast of Asia Minor, the new way of thinking swept the region like wildfire, taking hold in the nearby towns and adjacent islands, racing northwards along the Aegean littoral as far as Thracian Abdera and Lampsacus in the Troad and westwards across the waters of the Ionian Sea to a peppering of settlements on Sicily and in Italy. After a provincial run philosophy finally gained the Greek mainland, there to attain its greatest heights for ancient times. It was destined, as we now know, indelibly to mark our culture and civilisation. While conferring founder’s rights on Thales, this thumbnail sketch singles out no episode of Thalean lore to symbolise the revolution that it credits him with having sparked. An historian, eye on Western rationality's trademark mastery over the natural world, might select as emblematic Thales' securing control of the local olive presses in the spring of a particularly bountiful year, and putting the squeeze on producers when the harvest was trundled in. …. Since Thales forecast the bumper crop by observing climatic regularities, not by interpreting dreams of lean kine and fat, nor by deciphering the writing on the wall, let alone by petitioning the skygod Zeus with libations of gore, the financial coup is symbolically apt. It plays up philosophy's new idea—a radical departure—of nature as an autonomous system, understandable, in the measure that it is understandable at all, by patient application of our natural faculties to its everyday workings. …. Red in tooth and claw though nature may be, harsh and unforgiving, it is (so Thales taught) clear of powers acting from abroad who, judging from our plight, might be thought to interfere with us for sport. The causal association of Thales' making a killing with a Hellenic Götterdämmerung, the demise of an earlier mode of thought, is a bonus for the economic choice. Nonetheless, the genial cynicism the choice displays might be felt to render the episode somewhat too tendentious for symbolic office. Who could deny that the revolutionary approach vouchsafed humankind a powerful instrument of positive change? If the chooser is looking ahead to our time, when Western rationality seems to be reaping the whirlwind, a sufficient response would seem to be, first, that the major benefits of the approach (plumbing, electricity, the motor-car, computers, etc.) did not begin to be enjoyed until a score of centuries after Thales, and, second, that the apocalypse, even granting it to be more than an incidental by-product of what delivers those benefits, was far beyond non-oracular anticipation in his day. Casting around for a cynic-proof alternative, our historian could do no better than elect Thales' prediction of the solar eclipse of 28 May 585 BC. …. Regarding this presumed eclipse, I wrote on a previous occasion (Joseph as Thales): …. To Thales is attributed a prediction in astronomy that was quite impossible for an Ionian Greek - or anyone else - to have estimated so precisely in the C6th BC. He is said to have predicted a solar eclipse that occurred on 28 May 585 BC during a battle between Cyaxares the Mede and Alyattes of Lydia …. This supposed incident has an especial appeal to the modern rationalist mind because it - thought to have been achieved by a Greek, and ‘marking the birthday of western science’ - was therefore a triumph of the rational over the religious. According to M. Glouberman, for instance, it was "… a Hellenic Götterdämerung, the demise of an earlier mode of thought" …. Oh really? Well, it never actually happened. [Otto] Neugebauer … astronomer and orientalist, has completely knocked on the head any idea that Thales could possibly have foretold such an eclipse. How ironic, considering that ‘Thales’ was just a pale imitation of Joseph, son of Jacob, that Mark Glouberman will exalt in the replacement of a mystical Jacob’s Ladder by a superior Hellenic mode of thinking! It seems to me that, if Thales could be shown not to have existed, modern thinking man would have to invent him. [End of quote] On that last point, though, is Brenton Minge correct in asserting that there was no Imhotep, and that he, too, was a man-made invention? C. Joseph of Egypt as Khasekhemwy-Imhotep Well, I think that I have most definitely discovered Imhotep now, in Khasekhemwy-Imhotep of Egypt’s Third Dynasty. Basically, Joseph was - as many are now thinking (see Internet and You Tube) - Imhotep of Egypt’s Third Dynasty, who brilliantly served Horus Netjerikhet. But Imhotep, simply qua Imhotep, does not appear to be very well attested from contemporaneous records, so much so that some say he may never have existed at all, but may have been a later (say, Ramesside, or Ptolemaïc) fabrication. That problem can be nicely solved, I think, by recognising Imhotep as the Second Dynasty, or the Third Dynasty character, Khasekhemwy-Imhotep (variously Hetep-Khasekhemwy, Khasekhem, or Sekhemkhet). The name Djoser (Zoser), wrongly attributed to Horus Netjerikhet, is actually, as Djoser-ti, another name of Sekhmekhet (or Khasekhemwy-Imhotep), hence of Joseph. Of this Khasekhemwy, we read (Britannica) that "... he was the first to use extensive stone masonry". But, then, something similar is said again of Horus Den (Dewen, Udimu) of the First Dynasty. Thus, Nicolas Grimal (A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell, p. 53. My emphasis): “In the tomb built by Den at Abydos a granite pavement was found, the first known example of stone-built architecture, which until then had been exclusively of mud brick”. And it is said, again, of Horus Netjerikhet (ibid., p. 64): “... Netjerykhet ... is famed for having invented stone-built architecture with the help of his architect Imhotep ...”. Very confusing! “... Den ... first known example of stone-built architecture ...”. Khasekhemwy “... first to use extensive stone masonry”. “... stone-built architecture [invented] with the help of ... Imhotep ...”. Never mind, if - as I am proposing here - Den, was Khasekhemwy, was Imhotep, serving Horus Netjerikhet. Some are of the opinion that Khasekhemwy-Imhotep may have been the father of Horus Netjerikhet: https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/djoser/ “It is possible that his father was Khasekhemwy”. This would be true now only in the Genesis 45:8 sense that Joseph (Khasekhemwy-Imhotep) was the “Father” of Pharaoh. On an earlier occasion I pointed out that a major mistake made when tying a wrong archaeological era to a given biblical scenario (which can easily be done) can have disastrous later effects: “Once such a tsunami of a mistake has been made, then it sends unwanted ripples all the way down the line. Thus, apart from the Era of Abraham now no longer being identifiable, the major Exodus and Conquest scenarios, too - which actually belong to MBI - can no longer be identified. And so on it goes”. The failure to identify Imhotep as the biblical Joseph in favour of, say, Mentuhotep of the Twelfth Dynasty, can have, so it seems to me, similar disastrous consequences. I have several times referred to the great pioneer revisionist, Dr. Donovan Courville, in this regard, as follows: If any revisionist historian had placed himself in a good position, chronologically, to identify in the Egyptian records the patriarch Joseph, then it was Dr. Donovan Courville, who had, in The Exodus Problem and its Ramifications, I and II (1971), proposed that Egypt’s Old and Middle Kingdoms were contemporaneous. That radical move on his part might have enabled Courville to bring the likeliest candidate for Joseph, the Vizier Imhotep of the Third Dynasty, into close proximity with the Twelfth Dynasty – the dynasty that revisionists most favour for the era of Moses. Courville, however, who did not consider Imhotep for Joseph, selected instead for his identification of this great biblical Patriarch another significant official, MENTUHOTEP, vizier to pharaoh Sesostris I, the second king of Egypt’s Twelfth Dynasty. And very good revisionists have followed Courville in his choice of Mentuhotep for Joseph. With my own system, though, favouring (i) Imhotep for Joseph; (ii) Amenemes [Amenemhet] I for the “new king” of Exodus 1:8; and (iii) Amenemes I’s successor, Sesostris I, for the pharaoh from whom Moses fled (as recalled in the semi-legendary “The Story of Sinuhe”), then Mentuhotep of this era must now loom large as a candidate for the Egyptianised Moses. …. [End of quote] Happily, I found that Brenton Minge (op. cit.) had situated the biblical Joseph and the Famine to Egypt’s Third Dynasty era - despite his rejection of Imhotep himself - and had situated Moses in Egypt’s Twelfth Dynasty era. His great achievement has been to identify the massive Third Dynasty preparations for the extended Famine, in terms of large dams, canals and waterways, and huge grain storage facilities - the land being replete at the time with bread and wheat symbolism. All this done, in advance, because a Pharaoh of Egypt, so overawed by Joseph’s divinely-inspired Wisdom, had believed that an extended Famine was on the way. Has there ever been anything like this!

Friday, November 1, 2024

Imhotep Enigma, his pharaoh was not Djoser, and proof for Egypt’s Third Dynasty Famine

Part One: ‘Imhotep’, was it a name or a title? by Damien F. Mackey “And two millennia later, other rulers, different people, raised [Imhotep] to the rank of a deity: in the era of the Ptolemies, the Greeks … revered him as the god of medicine on a par with their “native” Asclepius.” Alexandra Malenko Some of this article, originally written last June (2024), needs a bit of amending. Even a year ago I would not seriously have queried the historical reality of Imhotep. As far as I was concerned, the genius Imhotep of Egypt’s so-called Third Dynasty was the clear candidate for the biblical Joseph, son of Jacob, who had saved Egypt from a seven-year Famine. Did not Imhotep do the very same on behalf of his ruler (Pharaoh, as we say), Horus Netjerikhet, generally considered to have been the same as Djoser (or Zoser)? Thus we read, in part, in Netjerikhet’s (Neterkhet’s) celebrated Sehel Famine Stela: Year 18 of Horus: Neterkhet; the King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Neterkhet; Two Ladies: Neterkhet; Gold-Horus: Djoser; under the Count, Prince, Governor of the domains of the South, Chief of the Nubians in Yebu, Mesir. There was brought to him this royal decree. To let you know: I was in mourning on my throne, Those of the palace were in grief, My heart was in great affliction, Because Hapy had failed to come in time In a period of seven years. Grain was scant, Kernels were dried up, Scarce was every kind of food. Every man robbed his twin, Those who entered did not go. Children cried, Youngsters fell, The hearts of the old were grieving; Legs drawn up, they hugged the ground, Their arms clasped about them. Courtiers were needy, Temples were shut, Shrines covered with dust, Everyone was in distress. I directed my heart to turn to the past, I consulted one of the staff of the Ibis, The chief lector-priest of Imhotep, Son of Ptah South-of-his-Wall: "In which place is Hapy born? Which is the town of the Sinuous one? Which god dwells there? That he might join with me." He stood: "I shall go to Mansion-of-the-Net, It is designed to support a man in his deeds; I shall enter the House of Life, Unroll the Souls of Re, I shall be guided by them." He departed, he returned to me quickly, He let me know the flow of Hapy, His shores and all the things they contain. He disclosed to me the hidden wonders, To which the ancestors had made their way, And no king had equaled them since. He said to me: "There is a town in the midst of the deep, Surrounded by Hapy, Yebu by name; It is first of the first, First nome to Wawat, Earthly elevation, celestial hill, Seat of Re when he prepares To give life to every face. Its temple's name is 'Joy-of-life,' 'Twin Caverns' is the water's name, They are the breasts that nourish all. …. The important point to be noted is that this is a late inscription, thought to date to Egypt’s Ptolemaïc period, much, much later than the era to which it alludes. The following article by Alexandra Malenko, whilst presenting a typical, and most favourable view of Imhotep, includes sufficient precautionary comments to rein in any excess enthusiasm, e.g. “the myth created by the directors”, “great unknown”, “the world had forgot about him”, “what is fiction or exaggeration”, etc.: https://huxley.media/en/imhotep-leonardo-da-vinci-from-the-banks-of-the-nile/ Author: Alexandra Malenko IMHOTEP: Leonardo da Vinci from the banks of the Nile Even when there were no pyramids in Egypt, the legend said that he was great and powerful, he was the first who erected such a miracle in the sands. During the time of Cleopatra, he was revered as a wise and a skillful healer, during the reign of the Ptolemies, in the so-called Hellenistic period in the history of Egypt, he was worshiped as a deity. But here’s the trick: the name of Imhotep is well known to us, but not from scientific works, rather from entertainment films. Great power of cinema! This art is capable of distorting and altering everything, shown on the screen is so easy to believe, and the myth created by the directors is so difficult to collapse… Through the efforts of Hollywood masters, Imhotep is known to the broad masses for the film The Mummy, its numerous remarks and remakes. And whether it is Imhotep performed by Boris Karloff or Arnold Vosloo, the film image is incredibly far from the truth. THE GREAT UNKNOWN Imhotep (his name in translation means “the one who walks in peace”) lived in the 27th century BC [sic]. He was a healer and an architect, an inventor, a genius of his time and a polymath, as the ancient Greeks called such unique ones, Leonardo da Vinci of the Ancient World. During his long life, Imhotep served three pharaohs. His extraordinary talents were revealed during the first ruler of the Third Dynasty, Djoser. And two millennia later, other rulers, different people, raised him to the rank of a deity: in the era of the Ptolemies, the Greeks – the inhabitants of Egypt – revered him as the god of medicine on a par with their “native” Asclepius. According to some testimonies, the cult of Imhotep lasted until the appearance of Christianity and Islam in Egypt. With the arrival of the dominant religions, his temples were destroyed, most of the works were lost. Until the nineteenth century, until researchers began to decipher hieroglyphic texts, the world had forgot about him. But the very first mentions of an outstanding scientist of the Ancient World stunned Egyptologists. In 1926, during the excavation of the Djoser pyramid, archaeologists discovered a statue dated to the years when Imhotep hypothetically lived. On the basis of the statue, after the name of the pharaoh, the name of Imhotep was written and a list of titles was given: the keeper of the treasury of the king in Lower Egypt, the ruler of a large palace, the first after the king in Lower Egypt, the priest of Heliopolis, the architect, the carver of precious vases… For one person, the title of chati would be enough – this position in modern gradation can be equated with the post of prime minister. Chati was in charge of political and economic issues, was involved in the formation of the budget, made current executive decisions… But Imhotep was also a priest, therefore he had many responsibilities outside the palace. As a priest of the god Ra, the god of sun, he traveled extensively in Upper and Lower Egypt, taught the people the wisdom set forth in the sacred texts. WHO IS YOUR LORD? Pharaoh Djoser has been ruling Egypt for over twenty years. In the first years of his reign, he conquered the Sinai Peninsula and from that campaign brought rich trophies, in particular a lot of copper and turquoise – both were a kind of strategic raw materials for Egypt, had a high price. Djoser wisely disposed of the conquests: he used them in the improvement of the palace and the construction of his own tomb. His second campaign was directed to the south, he reached the sixth rapids of the Nile, conquered Northern Nubia and ordered the construction of a fortification wall to protect the southern borders of his possessions at the first rapids of the Nile. The palace of Pharaoh Djoser was located in Memphis – the capital of Lower Egypt, located next to Saqqara. The palace was the center of the capital. Numerous craftsmen and artisans settled around it, in particular, architects, stone carvers, sculptors… Among the architects, as the researchers believe, Imhotep originated. For some time he was probably a scribe, then he ran the “office” under the pharaoh. Not everyone knew how to read and write in Ancient Egypt. The scribes were both the chroniclers of the pharaoh, and legislators, and jurists; it largely depended on them how the state would function. It is not difficult to assess whether Imhotep achieved great success as a scribe: in the later periods of the Egyptian kingdom, the scribes revered him as the patron saint of their craft, honored him on a par with the god of wisdom Thoth. Both in sculptures and on bas-reliefs, he is invariably depicted with an open scroll in his hands – a symbol of knowledge and wisdom. STROKES TO PORTRAIT It is not yet possible to reconstruct the path of Imhotep’s ascent exactly. The most generous source of information about his life – the burial complex in Saqqara, designed and built by him, has not yet given scientists exhaustive answers. But if the assumption of the researchers is true that the great polymath of antiquity did not come from the most noble family, then it is obvious that he made a remarkable career at court solely thanks to his talents. It is impossible to say with certainty what Imhotep looked like. Found painted and sculptural images do not allow to recreate the portrait of the ancient sage. Determine how tall he was, what build, what facial features he had, would allow the study of the remains. But the tomb of Imhotep has not yet been found. Although, as it is known from ancient texts, in the old days thousands of sufferers came to his tomb – to worship him as the god of healing, to ask for healing, and at the same time for wisdom and perseverance. There is only an assumption that the tomb of Imhotep was built in Saqqara – not far from the pyramid of his master, Pharaoh Djoser, and the magnificent buildings that have glorified him for centuries. ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE The tombs of the pharaohs of the Early and Ancient Kingdoms were mastabas – low trapezoidal structures made of stone. This tradition was changed by Imhotep. For Pharaoh Djoser, he designed something unprecedented – he installed three proportionally decreasing scales on top of each other and built a pyramid. It was the first pyramid, the largest and most amazing structure of its time. The stepped edges of the pyramid climbed stairs to the sun, to the sky, to the gods – such a bright symbolism could not remain unnoticed. This invention for many centuries determined the direction of development of the architecture of Ancient Egypt. Djoser’s pyramid looked impressive inside too. A vertical tunnel led to the burial chamber, located at a depth of 28 meters. To get into the main room, one had to overcome a five-kilometer labyrinth that looped between small rooms and hiding places, crossed the passage halls and rested against blank walls. Archaeologists discovered this miracle of architecture only in the twentieth century. The walls of the burial chambers (and in the pyramid of Djoser, built as a family tomb, there were several of them) were decorated with blue and emerald tiles, which are perfectly preserved. Alas, there were no valuables in the tomb: the robbers had time to work hard. Most of the finds during the reign of Djoser (and the time of Imhotep’s works) were discovered by the French archaeologist and Egyptologist Jean-Philippe Lauer. He devoted more than 75 years to the study of antiquities in the sands of Egypt, from the 1920s to 2001. It was he who found the step pyramid of Djoser buried in the sands, was the first to describe it, and investigated its amazing layout. He also restored the burial complex built around the stepped pyramid – another architectural creation of Imhotep. This complex is another testament to the extraordinary genius of the ancient polymath. It is interesting that the burial complex of Djoser was built not of clay bricks, but of stone, of limestone. But the main thing: in the construction of this building, Imhotep was the first to use a hitherto unseen form – vertical columns. He did not dare to leave them unsupported, they protrude from the walls, but it was also a revolutionary step. THE GOD OF HEALING Many researchers reasonably consider Imhotep the founder of modern medicine. He was one of the first to consider diseases and the healing process not as punishment or mercy of the gods, but as natural processes, and began to apply methods of treatment not related to religious rituals. Until now, no sources have been found that would confirm that Imhotep was a healer. It can be argued that his ideas contributed to the development of medical science. Imhotep’s teachings are retold in a text known as the Edwin Smith Papyrus, dated around 1500 BC. The ancient scientist knew methods of treating over 200 diseases, including a method for treating inflammation of the appendix and arthritis, he knew the healing properties of many plants and natural products. Guided by his instructions, the Egyptians consumed a lot of honey – a product with pronounced bactericidal properties, they also used honey to heal wounds. However, it should be noted that even before the birth of Imhotep, from about 2750 BC., Egyptian doctors knew human anatomy well. They knew how to do a kind of neurosurgical operations, and very successful. Obviously, they received extensive knowledge about the structure of man through mummification. During this complex procedure, the internal organs were removed from the body, inquiring minds had the opportunity to examine them well, study, and comprehend the principles of their work. The Egyptians believed that the heart is at the center of a network of channels through which blood, air and semen are carried to different parts of the body. The ancient physicians also knew that proper nutrition and adherence to the rules of hygiene create a reliable barrier to many diseases. One of the first medical recommendations was a ban on the consumption of raw fish and pork. However, in the matter of healing, the help of the gods was useful. During the treatment procedures, prayers were certainly read and special rituals were performed. There was some practical sense in it as well, because confidence in a favorable outcome of the disease is already a small victory over it. Imhotep, it seems, was, as they would say today, the popularizer of medical science, as a result, the fame of the great healer deservedly went to him. Temples were erected to him in Thebes and Memphis, people were ready to go half the world to worship him. It was then that thousands of statues of Imhotep were created: it was believed that everyone who possessed such a thing was under his patronage. At the same time, scientists believe, incredible stories about the great genius of the wise priest and chati were born: as if he cured Pharaoh Djoser of blindness, saved the kingdom from a seven-year drought, and defeated the great famine in the country. What is true in these retellings, and what is fiction or exaggeration, scientists are not ready to answer unequivocally. Time will tell, because excavations in Saqqara continue, the sands, albeit reluctantly, reveal ancient secrets. Perhaps it is there, on the plateau in the Nile Valley, that the solution to the nature of human genius will be found. [End of quote] I commenced this present article by writing: Even a year ago I would not seriously have queried the historical reality of Imhotep. As far as I was concerned, the genius Imhotep of Egypt’s so-called Third Dynasty was the clear candidate for the biblical Joseph, son of Jacob, who had saved Egypt from a seven-year Famine. Did not Imhotep do the very same on behalf of his ruler … Netjerikhet …? Joseph as Imhotep was, for me, a given, and I, consequently, was critical of certain conservative revisionists - albeit very good ones - who could not see this, and who had, as a result - by confusing Joseph with Moses in Egyptian history, as I thought - made quite impossible a full-scale revision of ancient Egypt against the Bible. And so I wrote to this effect on various occasions: If any revisionist historian had placed himself in a good position, chronologically, to identify in the Egyptian records the patriarch Joseph, then it was Dr. Donovan Courville, who had, in The Exodus Problem and its Ramifications, I and II (1971), proposed that Egypt’s Old and Middle Kingdoms were contemporaneous. That radical move on his part might have enabled Courville to bring the likeliest candidate for Joseph, the Vizier Imhotep of the Third Dynasty, into close proximity with the Twelfth Dynasty – the dynasty that revisionists most favour for the era of Moses. Courville, however, who did not consider Imhotep for Joseph, selected instead for his identification of this great biblical Patriarch another significant official, MENTUHOTEP, vizier to pharaoh Sesostris I, the second king of Egypt’s Twelfth Dynasty. And very good revisionists have followed Courville in his choice of Mentuhotep for Joseph. With my own system, though, favouring (i) Imhotep for Joseph; (ii) Amenemes [Amenemhet] I for the “new king” of Exodus 1:8; and (iii) Amenemes I’s successor, Sesostris I, for the pharaoh from whom Moses fled (as recalled in the semi-legendary “The Story of Sinuhe”), then Mentuhotep of this era must now loom large as a candidate for the Egyptianised Moses. …. What I just wrote above may still fully apply chronologically speaking. The difference now, however, is that I was no longer embracing ‘Imhotep for Joseph’ so uncritically. And here is why: Only when Brenton Minge’s book, Pharaoh’s Evidence. Egypt’s Stunning Witness to Joseph and Exodus (2023), arrived for me to review did I begin to question, not only Imhotep as Joseph, but even the very historical existence of Imhotep. Brenton Minge, who holds to a conspiracy theory view that Imhotep was a made-up imitation of the real Joseph, begins his Chapter 4: Was Imhotep … Joseph? with what has already been noted above about Imhotep – those late sources (p. 45): The problem, in historical terms, is that while Imhotep is placed around 2650 BC … his cult, or even any remembrance of him, only made its first appearance more than a millennium later. Imhotep authority Dietrich Wildung points out that, before then, “We have no clear records that Imhotep was remembered, much less venerated, for the thousand years after his death until the beginning of the New Kingdom” (emphasis added). …. Hence the Encyclopedia of Ancient History’s observation that his first claim to “deity” was in the “Late Period” (ie., around 712-332 BC) … effectively representing a 2,000-year “deity” silence from his claimed time to his earliest statue! …. On pp. 46-47, Brenton Minge will present one of his crucial arguments, that the word imhotep on the base of king Netjerikhet’s statue is not a name at all, but a title, and that the actual name of the title-holder has been carefully erased. He writes: Background In 1926, excavations at Sakkara’s Step Pyramid uncovered the base of pharaoh Netjerikhet’s statue, bearing the insignia of both the king and, as is presumed, Imhotep. Concerning the latter it reads (reading right to left): “Chancellor of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, first after the King, Administrator of the great palace, Director of public works, Overseer of the seers [of On], Imhotep the Architect, the Builder …” … (continuing, but broken off – see below left). Imhotep Netjerikhet Statue base, Step Pyramid: Firth and Quibell, The Step Pyramid 2:pl. 58b …. Observe grain “sheaf” djed symbols. For an officeholder to appear beside his king on an Egyptian royal statue is otherwise unheard of …. Yet here the full blaze of Pharaonic glory includes the architect, side by side with his Pharaoh – a truly remarkable honour. But what of the name Imhotep itself? For two reasons, it is submitted that this was not the name of the person being honoured, but part of his titles. 1. “Imhotep” literally comes from two words: im, meaning “overseer” (as still reflected in the Arabic imam), and hotep, meaning “peaceful”, or “blessed”, as in the Field of Hotep, or “Field of the Blessed”. With the variant imy, im occurs in more than 70 Egyptian administrative titles of the Old Kingdom … always containing a meaning closer to “overseer”/ “director”. Hence “Im-hotep” (often formerly spelt with a hyphen) … would seem as much of an administrative title as all the others in the inscription, effectively meaning “overseer who comes in peace”, or, more concisely, “blessed overseer”. 2. The inscription is unfinished, with the end part (at left) being conspicuously broken off. Yet the end, according to Egyptian protocol, is precisely where the proper name belongs, as Battiscombe Gunn – later Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford – observed: “Egyptian titles never follow the name of their holder, but only precede it. …”. That is, THE PROPER NAME ALWAYS COMES AT THE END, AFTER THE TITLES. Therefore “blessed overseer”, by virtue of its placement as much as its wording, cannot be a name, but only a descriptive “job title”, since there is clearly more to go! The description is manifestly unfinished. As Professor R.J. Forbes, of the University of Amsterdam, observed, “Only in the case of gods do the titles follow the name, never in the case of human beings” … (recalling from the encyclopaedia above, that Imhotep’s first claim to “deity” was still millennia away). So it would seem that, assuming the inscription is authentic, this endearing title (“blessed overseer”/ “overseer of peace”) was effectively later lifted from it, and reprocessed as a proper name with a life of its own. “A later tradition”, writes The Oxford Classical Dictionary (without taking our view), “identified Imhotep … as the architect”. …. Yet it could just as readily be referring to Joseph himself, the true and known “blessed overseer” of Egypt under his king (with his Egyptian name skilfully removed at the end; see Genesis 41:45; 45:26). [End of quotes] On the matter of Pharaoh, I will note here two other of Brenton Minge’s views. He takes the name Zoser, or Djoser, as being a late addition, and so we find him often writing (e.g. p. 17): “… Netjerikhet (later called Djoser) …”. And: Contrary to the standard opinion, that the ancient Egyptians began to use the title, “Pharaoh”, only in the New Kingdom era, which would mean that the use of the word in the Book of Genesis is anachronistic, Brenton will argue that the term Pharaoh was an old usage. To simplify it here (Minge, p. 80): PHARAOH: Where is the word? For two centuries Egyptology has effectively asked the question, “Where is the title ‘Pharaoh’ in the Old and Middle Kingdoms of Egypt?” Given our insistence that Joseph and Israel’s subsequent sojourn belong in this very period (ie., dynasties 3 through to early 13), and the frequent Bible use of “Pharaoh” with them, it is incumbent on us to be able to address that question. Surprisingly though it may seem, the answer is actually staring us in the face. This is in the form of the Old and Middle Kingdom serekh, the distinctively royal rectangle accompanied by the royal falcon Horus … representing the royal palace, or “house” of the king. Just as America’s White House, though technically a building, has come to also represent the actual person of the President, so it was with Pharaoh. As Miroslav Verner notes … the royal “Residence” could equally have the Old Kingdom meaning of “building”, or “the ruler himself”. …. [End of quotes] In a series of half a dozen or more articles since then, I have solved the problem of Imhotep (at least to my own satisfaction), by multi-identifying Joseph in Egypt, for one, as Khasekhemwy-Imhotep: Joseph, whose coat was of many colours, was a man of many names (3) Joseph, whose coat was of many colours, was a man of many names | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu And the: Biblical King of the seven-year Famine (3) Biblical King of the seven-year Famine | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu was Horus Netjerikhet, not Djoser (Zoser), who was Joseph. Part Two: Old Egypt’s abundant preparations for the Famine Here I am totally dependent upon the brilliant research into the subject as I find it most skilfully rendered in Brenton Minge’s book (already referred to above), Pharaoh’s Evidence. Egypt’s Stunning Witness to Joseph and Exodus (2013, unpublished). Chapter 1: The Great Famine P. 3: Documented Nile failure and regional impact According to J-D Stanley and others, there was such a major Old Kingdom failure of Egypt’s River Nile that even “the Lake Victoria outflow ceased for a short period”. …. This must have been a catastrophic cessation of the Nile’s principal source. Though only brief in historical terms (“a short period”), such was the drought’s impact that even in the lush Nile Valley itself sand dunes appeared … while sediment cores of the fertile Faiyum reveal “severe low Nile flood discharge:….. To this day archaeologists speak of the “Old Kingdom drought” that resulted in a “catastrophic decline in the Nile flows”, reflecting Josephus’ summary of the seven-year famine that “neither did the river overflow the ground”… (i.e., there was no annual inundation). …. Pp. 5-6: “World’s oldest large dam” Disastrous though it was for other nations, the seven-year drought was met by an Egypt that was fully prepared. The remains of a sizeable dam not far from Egypt’s ancient capital of Memphis (which was itself built next to the river Nile) are consistent with this preparedness. The Garawi ravine dam (also called Sadd el-Kafara) is described as “the world’s oldest large dam” in the specialist publication Dams. …. While modest by modern standards, relative to its time it was originally a trailblazing 118.7 m (390 ft) high, and with a 98 m (320 ft) thick wall at base that still extends some 113 m (370 ft) in its length today. …. The surviving wall height, though much diminished, still represents “one of the oldest and greatest known dams” in historical terms, as Alper Baba and colleagues observe. …. Significantly the dam is dated to the Old Kingdom’s “Third Dynasty”, as Schutz, Seidel and Strauss-Seeber note. …. This is the dynasty of the famed seven-year famine that befell Egypt during the reign of king Netjerikhet. Thus the official website of the Egypt State Information Service, under its “Netjerikhet (Djoser) [sic]” entry, declares that “Egypt experienced a seven-year famine during Djoser’s reign” (emphasis added). … Used only briefly Modern engineers who have studied the dam note how well constructed it was, “exceed[ing] by far the minimum values … specified for today’s standards” (emphasis added), as Garbrecht states. …. Yet they also note the obvious haste with which it was constructed. A History of Dams author Norman Smith says that the ancient engineer “was in a great hurry to put the dam to work”. …. But why, unless he was aware of a pressing impending need for its precious water? In spite of this haste in construction, the dam was only used for a short time – a “few years at the very most”, as Smith observes of its tell-tale absence of sedimentation. “Of one thing we can be certain, however; the dam was only in use for a very short time. … [D]ams always act as traps for silt … behind the remains of the Sadd el-Kafara there is no evidence of siltation at all, indicating that the reservoir must have had a life of a few years at the very most”. …. That such a dam should ever have been built at all, and particularly not far from the river Nile, has long been a mystery. The traditional explanation for its construction – that it was to mitigate flash floods – borders on the comical, when it is recalled that the rainfall for the area averages 18 mil. (0.7 of one inch) … per year! Similarly unconvincing is the explanation for its brief usage – that it prematurely “collapsed” (hardly likely, given the acknowledged strength and stability of its construction, with its safety standards “exceed[ing] by far” today’s minimum requirements). …. Yet against the backdrop of Joseph’s famine preparations, the dam is just what we might expect. G.W. Murray’s question, asked soon after World War II, as to “why the ancient Egyptians would have wanted to store so great a body of water apparently in a hurry”… receives a perfectly reasonable answer that squares with all four aspects of the evidence: • It was built hastily, because of the known countdown to the drought • It was built not far from the Nile, so it could readily be filled in the good inundation years with an abundant supply of water • It was situated near Memphis, to drought-proof Egypt’s ancient capital • It was used, if at all, for only a “few years at the very most, because the drought, though bitter, was also relatively brief – limited to the “seven years” as revealed by God to Joseph. In short, this “stupendous dam”… as scientists Christina De La Rocha and Daniel Conley describe it, was effectively an additional form of drought “insurance”, taken out, like all insurance, before the event. In this case an event of which Joseph alone, initially, among all the nations, had prior knowledge. …. Chapter 6: Joseph’s canal and character P. 75: The extraordinary impact of Joseph upon Egypt continues down to the present, in the form of Bahr Yusef, or Joseph’s Canal. According to a recent Japanese reclamation project of Bahr Yusef, even today the canal irrigates “11 percent of [Egypt’s] total cultivated land …”. …. …. Xiaofeng Liu observes that “In c. 2300 the canal connecting the Nile and Lake Moeris was deepened and widened to form what is now known as Bahr Yusef”. …. The dating aside, there is noting to question in such a combination of natural topography and human intervention. Thus the Oxford Atlas of the World similarly calls Bahr Yusef a “principal canal” … the very word “canal”, by definition, denoting an at least substantially constructed waterway. …. P. 76: So how old is it? From the inscriptional evidence of the third dynasty, we know that a distinctive “canal” made a sudden appearance in the hieroglyphic record during that dynasty. …. This was no ordinary canal, as indicated by its designation as the “Great Canal” (mer wer). …. Such a term shows that it was largely an engineered construction, since under no circumstances could a natural waterway have been called “great”” by comparison with the mighty Nile. Confirming that this Great Canal was one and the same as Joseph’s Canal is the ancient city of Gurob, situated next to Bahr Yusef, where Joseph’s Canal turns into the Faiyum. The ancient name of the city is known to have been Great Canal … (Mer-wer) – obviously mirroring the canal on which it was situated, i.e., Bahr Yusef. …. Pp. 77-78: “Waterway of Joseph” Accordingly the BBC declares of Bahr Yusef that “We do now that between 1850 and 1650 BCE a canal was built to keep the branches of the Nile permanently open, enabling water to fill Lake Quaran and keep the [Faiyum] land fertile. This canal was so effective that it still successfully functions today…[F]or thousands of years it has only been known by one name. In Arabic it’s the Bahr Yusef. This translates into English as The Waterway of Joseph. Could this canal have been built by a certain prime Minister called Joseph? Was this Prime Minister the son of….Jacob” (Emphasis added). …. The dating, though only approximate, is not far off. Clearly the evidence is in, and it is overwhelming. From ancient attestation, to regional recognition, to pyramid harbours, to dynastic fit, to its very name, Bahr Yusef can only be Joseph’s canal. Logically it follows that the pyramids visited each year at Giza by millions, while not remotely needing to have been built by Joseph, were nevertheless enabled in their construction by his already existing canal. Once generally dismissed by Egyptologists, it is now more widely recognized that Joseph’s Canal was indeed the Old Kingdom “waterway along the western desert edge to the sides of the royal funerary complexes”, which Andrzej Cwiek describes … Miroslav Verner maintains, and Georges Goyon observes. Without, again, any necessarily taking our view, their collective take on the evidence seems confirmed by a series of drill cores and trenches from the late 1980’s which revealed, as Mark Lehner notes, “a Nile channel that ran about 200 to 300 m east of the [greater pyramid] site at Giza…[which] must have served as part of a major inland port at the centre of the Egyptian state” (emphasis added). …. This is breathtaking stuff. No wonder that the ancient historian Pompeius Trogus … expressly wrote that “Joseph…was eminently skilled in prodigies”. …. No wonder, too, that Joseph was held in such awe in the ancient world that his distinctive Step Pyramid design was imitated, at least conceptually, as far afield as China … in the East, and the Americas in the West. Pp. 86-87: Unique Step Pyramid relationship. Joseph’s building genius behind the Step Pyramid has already been established (see chs. 3 and 4). Yet the Buried Pyramid shows a remarkable relationship to it. The respective palace-facade walls of both complexes are of “exactly the same design”, their bastions of the “same measurements”, and their ingresses of “equal spaces”, as Goneim notes . …. Even the massive lengths of the respective enclosures are identical … a correspondence that can only be accounted for by deliberate (and likely common) architectural design! Both pyramids also share the identical accretion layer construction … (where the layers rest, as it were, slopingly on each other, rather than horizontally as with fourth dynasty pyramids and onwards). Both, too, are step pyramids – a similar distinctive of the third dynasty. Likewise both are the only pyramid complexes with an extensive north court/south court arrangement. In fact, here the massive c. 187 x 187m square north court is doubly accentuated, being raised six metres above the rest of the complex, and then “surrounded by an embankment wall … with bastions”, as Swelim observes, exactly like the [outside] wall of the Complex of Netjerykhet””. …. This represents a literal status “elevation” of the courts, clearly highlighting that the great enclosures were of supreme importance in the public service of the Buried Pyramid’s owner (as suggested also by the tomb’s placement alongside the Gisr el Mudir great enclosure). A similar parallel (recalling Firth and Quibell’s dummy underground “barns or storehouses” of the Step Pyramid next door) … is the vast granary-lookalike architecture of the underground Buried Pyramid. As noted by Martina Bardonova in her doctoral dissertation, “Grain Storage in Ancient Egypt”, “More resembling to a kind of storage complex are the rows of storerooms in the U-shaped corridors in the substructure of Sekhemkhet’s … pyramid” (emphasis added). .... Another indicator is the substantial Step Pyramid “boundary marker” fragment that was embedded in the Buried Pyramid’s wall during construction. …. This confirms that it was built after the Netjerikhet complex, but is clearly related to it, all the more as the piece bore part of Netjerikhet’s royal serekh. Also noteworthy is the striking “sheaf” configuration of the entrance. …. It reveals the same bundled grain shape found throughout the Step Pyramid. …. A similar “sheaf” top also occurs in the entrance to that monument’s South Tomb. ….

Saturday, October 26, 2024

Jesus Christ most aptly described as a “Lamb”

“Paul states, “Our paschal lamb, Christ, has been sacrificed” (1 Corinthians 5:7). Jesus' death on the cross was a passover from death to life for himself and for all of us. By his blood we are saved from death. Jesus made it possible for us to break out of the slavery of sin and death. He gave us the hope of reaching our promised land, heaven”. Loyola Press Jesus the Lamb of God At Loyola Press we read: https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/scripture-and-tradition/jesus-and-the-new-testament/who-do-you-say-that-i-am-names-for-jesus/jesus-the-lamb-of-god/ Have you ever had a lamb cake as part of your Easter celebration? Have you seen art that shows a lamb holding a triumphant banner? The lamb as a symbol for Christ has its roots in the Old Testament. For centuries people worshipped God by sacrificing animals. They killed them and offered them to God. For the Jews a lamb was the main animal of sacrifice. In the Temple a lamb was offered every day. The sacrifice of a lamb also played an important part in the Exodus. In the biblical story of the Exodus, God led the Israelites out of Egypt, where they were slaves, and into the promised land. On the night God's people were to depart, the firstborn in all the Egyptian families died. The firstborn of the Israelites were saved because God had instructed them to kill a lamb or goat and mark their doorposts with its blood. The angel of death then knew to pass over those houses. The Israelites ate the lamb in a meal before they left. The lamb was to have no blemish, and none of its bones were to be broken. To this day the Jews remember this night with the Feast of Passover. On this day they share a special meal called a Seder meal. The shank of a lamb is one item on the Seder plate. Jesus is called the lamb of God because he is the perfect sacrifice offered to God. In 1 Peter 1:18-19 we are told, “You were ransomed . . . not with perishable things like silver or gold but with the precious blood of Christ as of a spotless unblemished lamb.” A prophecy about the Messiah states, “Though he was harshly treated, he submitted and opened not his mouth; Like a lamb led to the slaughter” (Isaiah 53:7). After Jesus' crucifixion, soldiers did not break his legs to kill him because he was already dead. Like the Passover lamb, his bones were unbroken. Paul states, “Our paschal lamb, Christ, has been sacrificed” (1 Corinthians 5:7). Jesus' death on the cross was a passover from death to life for himself and for all of us. By his blood we are saved from death. Jesus made it possible for us to break out of the slavery of sin and death. He gave us the hope of reaching our promised land, heaven. The Gospel of John clearly compares Jesus to the Passover lamb by saying that Jesus was crucified the same day that the Passover lambs were being killed in the Temple (John 19:31). In the Gospel of John it was John the Baptist who gave Jesus the title Lamb of God (John 1:29). The Book of Revelation speaks of the Lamb at least 29 times. In a vision John sees a lamb. Four living creatures and 24 elders fall before the Lamb and sing praise because he purchased all people with his blood (Revelation 5:9). † Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world, have mercy on us! † Response to a Jewish reader who wrote: “Jesus was never a lamb”.

Israeli archaeologists can never destroy the wise King Solomon

by Damien F. Mackey “Now Solomon. I think I destroyed Solomon, so to speak. Sorry for that!” Israel Finkelstein Reference is made in El Amarna [EA] letters 74 and 290 to a place-name that professor Julius Lewy read as Bet Shulmanu - House (or Sanctuary) of Shulman (“The Sulman Temple in Jerusalem”, Journal of Biblical Literature LIX (1940), pp. 519 ff.). EA 290 was written by the King of Urusalim, Abdi-Hiba, who had to be, according to the conventional chronology, a C14th BC pagan ruler of what we know as Jerusalem. This view of Abdi-Hiba is summed up in the Wikipedia article, “Abdi-Heba”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi-Heba Abdi-Heba (Abdi-Kheba, Abdi-Hepat, or Abdi-Hebat) was a local chieftain of Jerusalem during the Amarna period (mid-1330s BC). Abdi-Heba's name can be translated as "servant of Hebat", a Hurrian goddess. Whether Abdi-Heba was himself of Hurrian descent is unknown, as is the relationship between the general populace of pre-Israelite Jerusalem (called, several centuries later, Jebusites in the Bible) and the Hurrians. Egyptian documents have him deny he was a ḫazānu and assert he is a soldier (we'w), the implication being he was the son of a local chief sent to Egypt to receive military training there.[1] Also unknown is whether he was part of a dynasty that governed Jerusalem or whether he was put on the throne by the Egyptians. Abdi-Heba himself notes that he holds his position not through his parental lineage but by the grace of Pharaoh, but this might be flattery rather than an accurate representation of the situation. …. [End of quote] From a revisionist perspective, this is all quite incorrect. Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky had argued most compellingly in his Ages in Chaos, I (1952) and Oedipus and Ikhnaton (1960), that the EA era actually belonged to, not the C14th BC, but the C9th BC era of Israel’s Divided Kingdom. And it is from such a revised perspective that Dr. Velikovsky was able to make this thrilling comment about professor Lewy’s reading: [http://www.varchive.org/ce/sultemp.htm] The Šulmán Temple in Jerusalem …. From a certain passage in letter No. 290, written by the king of Jerusalem to the Pharaoh, Lewy concluded that this city was known at that time also by the name “Temple of Šulmán.” Actually, Lewy read the ideogram that had much puzzled the researchers before him. …. After complaining that the land was falling to the invading bands (habiru), the king of Jerusalem wrote: “. . . and now, in addition, the capital of the country of Jerusalem — its name is Bit Šulmáni —, the king’s city, has broken away . . .”…. Beth Šulmán in Hebrew, as Professor Lewy correctly translated, is Temple of Šulmán. But, of course, writing in 1940, Lewy could not surmise that the edifice was the Temple of Solomon and therefore made the supposition that it was a place of worship (in Canaanite times) of a god found in Akkadian sources as Shelmi, Shulmanu, or Salamu. The correction of the reading of Knudtzon (who was uncertain of his reading) fits well with the chronological reconstruction of the period. In Ages in Chaos (chapters vi-viii) I deal with the el-Amarna letters; there it is shown that the king of Jerusalem whose name is variously read Ebed-Tov, Abdi-Hiba, etc. was King Jehoshaphat (ninth century). It was only to be expected that there would be in some of his letters a reference to the Temple of Solomon. Also, in el-Amarna letter No. 74, the king of Damascus, inciting his subordinate sheiks to attack the king of Jerusalem, commanded them to “assemble in the Temple of Šulmán.” [End of quote] Dr. Velikovsky’s identification of the idolatrous Abdi-Hiba of Urusalim with the extremely pious King Jehoshaphat of Judah needed the slight modification, as provided by Peter James, that Abdi-Hiba was actually King Jehoshaphat’s evil son, Jehoram - a modification that I fully supported in my article: King Abdi-Hiba of Jerusalem Locked in as a ‘Pillar’ of Revised History (3) King Abdi-Hiba of Jerusalem Locked in as a ‘Pillar’ of Revised History | Damien Mackey - Academia.edu Apart from that, though, the EA evidence completely favoured Velikovsky’s revision, as he himself hastened to point out (op. cit., ibid.): It was surprising to find in the el-Amarna letters written in the fourteenth century that the capital of the land was already known then as Jerusalem (Urusalim) and not, as the Bible claimed for the pre-Conquest period, Jebus or Salem. …. Now, in addition, it was found that the city had a temple of Šulmán in it and that the structure was of such importance that its name had been used occasionally for denoting the city itself. (Considering the eminence of the edifice, “the house which king Solomon built for the Lord” …. this was only natural.) Yet after the conquest by the Israelites under Joshua ben-Nun, the Temple of Šulmán was not heard of. Lewy wrote: “Aside from proving the existence of a Šulmán temple in Jerusalem in the first part of the 14th century B.C., this statement of the ruler of the region leaves no doubt that the city was then known not only as Jerusalem, but also as Bet Šulmán.”—“It is significant that it is only this name [Jerusalem] that reappears after the end of the occupation of the city by the Jebusites, which the Šulmán temple, in all probability, did not survive.” [End of quote] The conventional system has the habit of throwing up such “surprising” historical anomalies! Dr. Velikovsky continues here: The late Professor W. F. Albright advised me that Lewy’s interpretation cannot be accepted because Šulmán has no sign of divinity accompanying it, as would be proper if it were the name of a god. But this only strengthens my interpretation that the temple of Šulmán means Temple of Solomon. In the Hebrew Bible the king’s name has no terminal “n”. But in the Septuagint — the oldest translation of the Old Testament — the king’s name is written with a terminal “n”; the Septuagint dates from the third century before the present era. Thus it antedates the extant texts of the Old Testament, the Dead Sea Scrolls not excluded. Solomon built his Temple in the tenth century. In a letter written from Jerusalem in the next (ninth) century, Solomon’s Temple stood a good chance of being mentioned; and so it was. [End of quote] P. Friedman, writing for a British revisionist journal, would later insist upon another necessary modification of the Velikovskian thesis. The description, “Temple of Solomon”, he explained (in “The Temple in Jerusalem?” SIS Review III:1 (Summer 1978), pp.7-8), is in fact a modern English rendition which is never actually found in the Hebrew as used in the Old Testament. There, King Solomon’s Temple is constantly referred to as the “House of Yahweh” or, simply, the “House of the Lord”. Friedman also drew attention to the fact that, in Assyrian records, the Kingdom of Israel is called the “House of Omri” in deference to Omri’s dynasty. He therefore suggested that Bet Shulman should, in like manner, be understood to refer to the Kingdom of Judah in deference to King Solomon’s dynasty (p. 8): “‘House of Solomon’ meant not merely the capital [i.e., Jerusalem], but the whole kingdom of Judah, approaching even more closely the use of ‘House of Omri’ for the kingdom of Israel”. Another possible interpretation of the phrase Bet Shulman is, as S. Dyen would later argue, that it should be understood literally as “the House”, that is the Palace, of King Solomon (“The House of Solomon”, KRONOS VIII:2 (Winter 1983), p. 88). The apparent reference back in time to his great (x 3) grandfather, King Solomon, by Abdi-hiba/Jehoram of Urusalim/Jerusalem – [e.g., Matthew 1:7-8: Solomon the father of Rehoboam, Rehoboam the father of Abijah, Abijah the father of Asa, Asa the father of Jehoshaphat, Jehoshaphat the father of Jehoram …], serves to vindicate the Old Testament against the reckless biblical minimizing of the likes of Israeli archaeologist, Israel Finkelstein. He, as I have previously noted: …. is quoted as saying in … a … National Geographic article, “Kings of Controversy” by Robert Draper (David and Solomon, December 2010, p. 85): “Now Solomon. I think I destroyed Solomon, so to speak. Sorry for that!” What Finkelstein ought to be “sorry” for, however, is not the wise King Solomon – who continues to exist as a real historical and archaeological entity, despite the confused utterances of the current crop of Israeli archaeologists – but for Finkelstein’s own folly in clinging to a hopelessly out-dated and bankrupt archaeological system that has caused him to point every time to the wrong stratigraphical level for Israel’s Old Testament history (e.g. Exodus/Conquest; David and Solomon; Queen of Sheba). …. The effects of this biblical minimalising have been so complete that an Egyptian writer, Doaa El Shereef, can now write an extensive article based upon Israeli mass archaeological error: Israeli Archaeologists Admit that: There is No Temple of Solomon (3) Israeli Archaeologists Admit that: There is No Temple of Solomon | Doaa El Shereef - Academia.edu in which she effectively erases each and every major phase of Old Testament history.

Sunday, October 20, 2024

Was this the original ‘Famine Stela’?

by Damien F. Mackey “Almost two millennia later, a fairly similar story would be told on the famous “Famine Stela” about the pharaoh Djoser’s making lavish donations to the temple of Khnum on Elephantine in order to terminate the seven years’ famine”. Arkadiy Demidchik Arkadiy Demidchik, member of Saint-Petersburg State University, Oriental Faculty, has picked up what he calls “a fairly similar story” between the famous Ptolemaïc Famine Stela on Sehel Island and a far more ancient document of Wahankh Intef and Nakht-Nebtepnefer Intef of Egypt’s so-called Eleventh Dynasty (wrongly dated here): A ‘Famine Stela’ Episode under the Early XIth Dynasty https://www.academia.edu/36620751/A_Famine_Stela_Episode_under_the_Early_XIth_Dynasty This is what Arkadiy Demidchik has written about it: On the orders of the early Xlth dynasty kings Wahankh Intef and Nakht-Nebtepnefer Intef, the chapels for the gods Satet and Khnum on Elep[h]antine were constructed with stone doorjambs, lintels, columns, etc. This is the oldest example of pharaohs’ monumental stone building for gods in provincial temples. What was the incentive for this grand and labor-intensive innovation in the troubled times when the young Theban monarchy controlled only a smaller part of Egypt? Careful scrutiny of the inscriptions from the chapels shows that Khnum was invoked there first and foremost as the lord of the sources of the Upper Egyptian inundation, believed to be situated at the First Cataract. Together with a good number of other texts examined in the paper, this indicates that the Intefs’ stone building project on Elephantine was undertaken in order to deliver their Theban kingdom from too low or unseasonable Nile floods which resulted in poor harvests. Almost two millennia later, a fairly similar story would be told on the famous “Famine Stela” about the pharaoh Djoser’s making lavish donations to the temple of Khnum on Elephantine in order to terminate the seven years’ famine. The idea of K[h]num’s revelation to a king in a dream, which is said to have happened to Djoser, is also attested as early as in the XXth century BC. [End of quote] But this is not all. The same Arkadiy Demidchik has also been able to point to what he has called: A Northern Version of the “Famine Stela” Narrative? https://www.academia.edu/36620738/A_Northern_Version_of_the_Famine_Stela_Narrative Here he writes: According to the “historical” introduction to the royal decree to the “Famine Stela” on the island of Sehel, the king Djoser managed to cease the seven years’ famine only due to the discovery of the source of the Upper Egyptian inundation and its gods by the sage Imhotep. However, since the Egyptians usually distinguished also Lower Egyptian inundation, with its own source near Heliopolis, there must have existed a kind of “northern” version of the “Famine Stela” story with Imhotep’s discovering the Heliopolitan source, regulated by Atum with his entourage. As early as 1999 this was pointed out by O.D. Berlev. There are mentions of “7 years” when the inundation-Hapi did not come, of the “temple of Atum of Heliopolis” and its high priest Imhotep on British Museum hieratic papyrus fragment 1065, first read by J. Quack. Could this not be scraps of that “northern” version of the “Famine Stela” narrative? [End of quote] Clearly, we are in the time of the highly famed Imhotep (Third Dynasty), the biblical Joseph, son of Jacob, when there occurred a seven-year Famine (Genesis 41-47). In various articles, now, I have multi-identified this great sage of Egypt, who became, in fact, a quasi-Pharaoh. For one, he, not the Egyptian Pharaoh of the time, Horus Netjerikhet/Netjerihedjet (3rd/11th dynasties), was Djoser (Zoser). The name “Djoser” wrongly became attached later to Horus Netjerikhet. On this, see e.g. my article: Enigmatic Imhotep – did he really exist? https://www.academia.edu/120844277/Enigmatic_Imhotep_did_he_really_exist The oldest stone architecture is associated with Imhotep and the Step Pyramid. https://www.ancient-egypt-online.com/imhotep.html “[The Step Pyramid] was the first pyramid built, as well as the first structure of any kind of cut stone”. So, when I read above about (emphasis added): “Wahankh Intef and Nakht-Nebtepnefer Intef … the chapels for the gods Satet and Khnum on Elep[h]antine were constructed with stone doorjambs, lintels, columns, etc. This is the oldest example of pharaohs’ monumental stone building for gods in provincial temples”, I must begin to wonder if the two Egyptian names presented here, presumed to be pharaonic, must actually pertain to Imhotep himself under some of his many guises: Joseph, whose coat was of many colours, was a man of many names https://www.academia.edu/121428289/Joseph_whose_coat_was_of_many_colours_was_a_man_of_many_names In this article I came up with a plethora of potential historical identifications for the biblical Joseph. Thus: The multi-named Joseph From what we have just read, Joseph's names may include Imhotep; Khasekhemwy-Imhotep; Hetep-Khasekhemwy; Khasekhem; Sekhemkhet; Den (Dewen, Udimu); Khasti; Uenephes; Usaphais (Yusef); Zaphenath paneah; Ankhtifi; Bebi and perhaps also: Hemaka; Kheti From stark obscurity, the historical Joseph now abounds! And I suspect that this will not exhaust the potential list of Egyptian (also including some Greek) names for the biblical Joseph. With reference to that last statement, can we now enlarge our list to include those Eleventh Dynasty famine-related (perhaps) names above, Wahankh Intef and Nakht-Nebtepnefer Intef? The latter is poorly known, and I expect that these names would pertain to just the one person. The name Intef may well connect with Ankhtifi as an abbreviation of it. I have already written of this Ankhtifi as one acting as if he himself were the very Pharaoh of Egypt: Ankhtifi of ancient Egypt substituting for the king https://www.academia.edu/121998381/Ankhtifi_of_ancient_Egypt_substituting_for_the_king and: Egypt’s high official, Ankhtifi, outboasts even great Senenmut https://www.academia.edu/120059538/Egypt_s_high_official_Ankhtifi_outboasts_even_great_Senenmut Taking Intef (I-III) as a whole, we read the following most interesting information: https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/intefiii/ …. [Intef] is also thought to be the father of Montuhotep II, who successfully reunited Egypt. This view is supported by a relief found at Wadi Shatt el-Rigal (near Gebel es-Silsila) and the decoration on a block of masonry in the temple of Montu at Tod which seems to depict Montuhotep II with three kings named Intef (Intef I, Intef II, and Intef III). However, it is also proposed by some that Montuhotep II was not related to Intef III, but wished to be associated with him to ensure his position as pharaoh. Now, Mentuhotep II Netjerihedjet is my Eleventh Dynasty Pharaoh of the Famine – he being the same as Horus Netjerikhet of the Third Dynasty. Just as the Eleventh Dynasty Intef was the supposed father of Mentuhotep II, so had I noted of the Third Dynasty Khasekhemwy that he is thought to have been the father of Horus Netjerikhet, adding: “Khasekhemwy, as Joseph-Imhotep, was indeed a “Father to Pharaoh” (Genesis 45:8)”. The Pharaoh, of course, was not the blood son of Joseph, “but”, as said above, he “wished to be associated with him”. It happened in antiquity that a powerful Vizier would be called “father”, as in the case of the wicked Haman - a non-Persian - in the Book of Esther (8:11): “[Haman] so completely enjoyed the goodwill that we extend to all nations that we regarded him as our father before whom all should bow down, and we proclaimed him to rank second in line to the royal throne”. Intef’s (so-called II) long floruit in Egypt is well suited to Joseph, who lived to be 110. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intef_II “Wahankh Intef II (also Inyotef II and Antef II) was the third ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. He reigned for almost fifty years from 2112 BC to 2063 BC.[2] …. …. After the death of the nomarch Ankhtifi, Intef was able to unite all the southern nomes down to the First Cataract. After this he clashed with his main rivals, the kings of Herakleopolis Magna for the possession of Abydos. The city changed hands several times, but Intef II was eventually victorious, extending his rule north to the thirteenth nome”. But what I am tentatively proposing is that Intef was this Ankhtifi. And that he was the biblical Joseph, whose coat of many colours matched his many colourful names and titles in ancient Egypt.

Joseph, whose coat was of many colours, was a man of many names

by Damien F. Mackey And, perhaps most telling of all, Manetho's Usaphais, a virtually perfect Greek transliteration of the Semitic name, Yusef (=Usaph-), or Joseph. Apparently in the search for the historical Joseph, as was the case with Moses, one will need to - in order to find him in all of his fulness - course through various of the old Egyptian dynasties, both Old Kingdom and so-called 'Middle' Kingdom. This is what I have come up with so far: Basically, Joseph was - as many are now thinking (see Internet and You Tube) - Imhotep of Egypt's Third Dynasty, who brilliantly served Horus Netjerikhet. But Imhotep, simply qua Imhotep, does not appear to be very well attested from contemporaneous records, so much so that some say he may never have existed, but may have been a later (say, Ramesside, or Ptolemaïc) fabrication. That problem can be nicely solved, I think, by recognising Imhotep as the Second Dynasty, or the Third Dynasty character, Khasekhemwy-Imhotep (variously Hetep-Khasekhemwy, Khasekhem, or Sekhemkhet). Of this Khasekhemwy, we read (Britannica) that "... he was the first to use extensive stone masonry". But, then, something similar is said again of Horus Den (Dewen, Udimu) of the First Dynasty. Thus, Nicolas Grimal (A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell, p. 53. My emphasis): "In the tomb built by Den at Abydos a granite pavement was found, the first known example of stone-built architecture, which until then had been exclusively of mud brick". And it is said, again, of Netjerikhet (ibid., p. 64): "... Netjerykhet ... is famed for having invented stone-built architecture with the help of his architect Imhotep ...". Very confusing! "... Den ... first known example of stone-built architecture ...". Khasekhemwy "... first to use extensive stone masonry". "... stone-built architecture [invented] with the help of ... Imhotep ...". Never mind, if - as I am proposing - Den, was Khasekhemwy, was Imhotep. Now, Den supposedly had a powerful Chancellor, Hemaka, who might likewise be considered as a potential candidate for Joseph (Wikipedia, article "Hemaka". My emphasis): One of Hemaka's titles was that of "seal-bearer of the King of Lower Egypt" ... effectively identifying him as chancellor and second in power only to the king. .... The tomb of Hemaka is larger than the king's own tomb, and for years was mistakenly thought as belonging to Den. But not a mistake if Hemaka was Den! And Den's wife, Merneith, may be the same as Ahaneth, a name almost identical to that of Joseph's wife, Aseneth (Asenath/Ahaneth) (Cf. Genesis 41:45, 50; 46:20). This Ahaneth must have been very important considering the large size of her tomb. Den's ruler may have been Horus Djer, which name recalls Horus Netjerikhet. Joseph's given Egyptian name, Zaphenath paneah, which biblical commentators generally find so difficult to interpret, I have connected in some of its elements, as a hypocoristicon, with Ankhtifi, a quasi-pharaonic like official (of no definitely fixed address) whose records boast of him as being 'unlike any man ever born', and who fails even to make any clear reference to his ruler. Ankhtifi, and the prolonged Famine of his time, with people cannibalising one another, I have linked to other similarly-described famines, of Bebi, and also the one at the time of Heqanakht. And I have then tentatively suggested a connection between the Famine personage, Bebi, and the Vizier of that same name serving Mentuhotep, so-called II, of the Eleventh Dynasty ('Middle' Kingdom). This powerful king, Mentuhotep, also had a Chancellor of Ankhtifi-like prominence and importance, Kheti. Previously I wrote on King and Chancellor pairings: Once again, as with Horus Netjerikhet and Imhotep, Saqqara ("Sakkara") takes centre stage. Den may here have been recording Horus Djer's Sed festival rather than his own. Similarly, Mentuhotep's quasi-pharaonic vizier, Kheti, will be prominent in the case of his Pharaoh's Sed festival, presumably as its organiser. So far, I have not even come to this Kheti, whose name may be a hypocoristicon of Sekhem-khet (= Zoser/Imhotep). In Djer/Hemaka; Djer/Den; and Mentuhotep/Kheti, we have, I believe, three variant combinations of the one King and Chancellor. And we have not even included here Netjerikhet/Imhotep. The multi-named Joseph From what we have just read, Joseph's names may include Imhotep; Khasekhemwy-Imhotep; Hetep-Khasekhemwy; Khasekhem; Sekhemkhet; Den (Dewen, Udimu); Khasti; Uenephes; Usaphais (Yusef); Zaphenath paneah; Ankhtifi; Bebi and perhaps also: Hemaka; Kheti From stark obscurity, the historical Joseph now abounds! And I suspect that this will not exhaust the potential list of Egyptian (also including some Greek) names for the biblical Joseph.

Saturday, October 19, 2024

Antipas, a mysterious martyr in the Book of the Apocalypse

by Damien F. Mackey “To the angel of the church in Pergamum write: These are the words of him who has the sharp, double-edged sword. I know where you live—where Satan has his throne. Yet you remain true to my name. You did not renounce your faith in me, not even in the days of Antipas, my faithful witness, who was put to death in your city—where Satan lives”. A Revelation 2:12-13 Who was this “faithful witness” of Jesus Christ, Antipas? Nothing is known of Antipas except that he was an early Christian martyr associated with the city of Pergamum (Pergamon). Usually there will be a legend or two to help fill out an otherwise unknown person who had nevertheless been involved in something significant. But further reliable information about Antipas is about as scarce as hen’s teeth. https://antipas.net/about-us/who-is-antipas “While Antipas was martyred late in the lifetime of the Apostle John, precious little else is factually known about Antipas from respected historical sources”. Apparently we have to turn to late Orthodox Christian sources to get any further clues – which, however, may not necessarily be accurate (loc. cit.): However, traditions originating within the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, around and after CE 1,000, paint a fuller picture only if one can believe them as factual. The traditional (possibly fictional) Antipas was reputed to be the Bishop of the Christian church at Pergamos, and that he was martyred for his faith because of his consistent faithful witnessing in the face of all the satanic evil present there. When Antipas was advised: "Antipas, the whole world is against you!", Antipas reputedly replied: "Then I am against the whole world!" Antipas was supposedly roasted alive in a hollow life-size bull, which had a bonfire under its belly, because Antipas refused to renounce his faith in Christ Jesus. Antipas may have been the prophet Agabus The prophet Agabus of Acts 11:28 would be my selection for an alter ego of Antipas. Agabus, apparently from Jerusalem, ministered in the northern city of Antioch, as Antipas did in Pergamum, and he, likewise, was a contemporary of the Apostle John. Acts 11:27-30: During this time some prophets came down from Jerusalem to Antioch. One of them, named Agabus, stood up and through the Spirit predicted that a severe famine would spread over the entire Roman world. (This happened during the reign of Claudius.) The disciples, as each one was able, decided to provide help for the brothers and sisters living in Judea. This they did, sending their gift to the elders by Barnabas and Saul. There is extra-biblical evidence for severe famine in the time of the emperor Claudius. See, for instance: The Universal Famine under Claudius Kenneth Sperber Gapp The Harvard Theological Review Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct., 1935), pp. 258-265 (8 pages) “They have power to shut up the heavens so that it will not rain during the time they are prophesying …” (Revelation 11:6). In Acts 21 we meet the prophet Agabus again, now in Caesarea, forewarning Paul of his own captivity and martyrdom (vv. 10-14): After we had been there a number of days, a prophet named Agabus came down from Judea. Coming over to us, he took Paul’s belt, tied his own hands and feet with it and said, “The Holy Spirit says, ‘In this way the Jewish leaders in Jerusalem will bind the owner of this belt and will hand him over to the Gentiles’.” When we heard this, we and the people there pleaded with Paul not to go up to Jerusalem. Then Paul answered, ‘Why are you weeping and breaking my heart? I am ready not only to be bound, but also to die in Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus’. When he would not be dissuaded, we gave up and said, ‘The Lord’s will be done’. Tradition may tell us a little more about Agabus – for instance, he was martyred, but, we are told, in Jerusalem: https://ucatholic.com/saints/agabus-the-prophet/ “Saint Agabus the Prophet, one of the seventy disciples, and martyr. The seventy disciples were chosen by the Lord to go before Him to preach the gospel. St. Agabus was with the twelve disciples in the upper room on the day of Pentecost, and he was filled with the Holy Spirit, the Comforter. He received the gift of prophecy, as the Acts of the Apostles tells us, “And as we stayed many days, a certain prophet named Agabus came down from Judea. When he had come to us, he took Paul’s belt, bound his own hands and feet, and said, ‘Thus says the Holy Spirit, so shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man who owns this belt, and deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles.'” (Acts 21:10-11) This prophecy was fulfilled. (Acts 21:17-36) He also prophesied about a famine on all the earth, and this was fulfilled during the time of Claudius Caesar, the Roman Emperor. (Acts 11:27-28) He preached the gospel together with the holy apostles. He went to many countries, teaching and converting many of the Jews and the Greeks to the knowledge of the Lord Christ. He sanctified them by the life-giving baptism. This moved the Jews of Jerusalem to arrest him, and they tortured him by beating him severely, and putting a rope around his neck, and they dragged him outside the city. They stoned him there until he gave up his pure spirit. At this moment, a light came down from heaven. Everyone saw it as a continuous column between his body and heaven. A Jewish woman saw it and said, “Truly this man was righteous.” She shouted in a loud voice, “I am a Christian and I believe in the God of this saint.” They stoned her also and she died and was buried with him in one tomb”. Regarding the unusual name, Abagus, we read this at: https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Agabus.html It's not wholly clear where the name Agabus comes from but it's most probably Semitic. The term agabus/agabos does not exist in Latin or Greek. There are very few Latin words that start with gab- and none that start with agab-. Likewise, in Greek there are no common words that start with γαβ- (gab-) or αγαβ- (agab-). Fortunately, there are quite a few Hebrew constructions that would transliterate into Greek in forms that would closely resemble our name. Most obviously, our name Agabus (Αγαβος, Agabos) may be a Hellenized version of the familiar name Hagabah (Αγαβα, Agaba), which in turn stems from the common noun חגב (hagab), grasshopper: Could Agabus even be a variant form of the phonetically like Antipas?: A[NT]IPAS A[G] ABUS