Archaeology on side with the Gospels

“The University of Haifa announced a new discovery of an ancient synagogue in Migdal. In biblical times this area was Magdala, home of Mary Magdalene”. Greg Sheridan Christianity’s purpose: the re-enchantment of life GREG SHERIDAN https://www.theaustralian.com.au/inquirer/a-time-of-enchantment/news-story/8de29bce7208dd3e86cc1632a90a4008 This week our blighted age, challenged world and disenchanted civilisation received an enchanting Christmas present from the Holy Land. The University of Haifa announced a new discovery of an ancient synagogue in Migdal. In biblical times this area was Magdala, home of Mary Magdalene. Migdal is on the northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee. The newly discovered synagogue dates from the first century, the time of Jesus. It is yet another archaeological discovery that bears out the historical accuracy of the Gospels and the New Testament generally. The New Testament is primarily a religious testimony to the universal faith of Christianity, which is not limited to any one civilisation or culture. But the Bible is also the central book of Western civilisation. Establishing that the New Testament is true in everything about it which can be tested is a wonderful boon for our culture. And our culture is in need of all the help it can get. Modern liberalism, cut off from the sustenance of its Christian roots, is running mad down every dead end, diving into every poison creek, of extreme identity politics, racial politics, gender politics and, if not the war of all against all, an increasing intolerance of almost all for anybody they disagree with. The roots of our crisis are deep. After the Enlightenment, the righteous exuberance that celebrated reason and rationality as the heart of civic life, our culture took a bad wrong turn, based on two dreadfully mistaken propositions. The first is that God is dead, that science has pronounced against God, that God never existed. The second is that the Bible is full of lies, and the New Testament is folklore and oral tradition at best, and does not describe historical reality. Neither of these propositions is true, or necessary to the Enlightenment. Max Weber called this disenchantment. It has been the project of modernist ideology for the past 200 years, to rob the culture, and human beings, of the enchantment of life. The intellectual object is to erase from life the element of mystery. The consequence emotionally is that it also strips life of its poetry. It strips the normal quotidian rank-and-file human being of the sense of magnificence and renders life tawdry and tedious. To escape that tedium, people seek intensity for its own sake, often courting oblivion and creating false transcendence through ever more neurotic politics. During the past five years I’ve written two books attempting, feebly enough, to offer a thimble full of rebuttal to the two obnoxious propositions of disenchantment. The first, God is Good for You, asserts that God is alive. Belief in God is intellectually compelling (though not finally provable) and science has certainly taken no stand against God at all. It’s not qualified to do so, even if it wanted to. In reality good science has no such ambition. Writing this book involved systematically reading the New Atheists – Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens etc. I was astonished at how lame and antique, how frowsty and loose and simultaneously logic-chopping and ramshackle, their arguments were. The Christianity they mock was a farcical caricature. The success of their books relied in part on the reading audience having no real knowledge in substance of Christianity. Much of their effort sought a false glamour by association with real science. So an unprovable or even ridiculous argument would be sat next to a lot of irrelevant science. Dawkins argued, for example, that because the universe is 14 billion years old there can be no God, because God wouldn’t waste 14 billion years constructing a whole universe just for humanity to enjoy one planet in one tiny corner. To which one thinks: how would Dawkins know what God might do? God’s generosity and grandeur might be beyond Dawkins. To the Christian, it seems characteristic of God that he would spend 14 billion years preparing a beautiful garden just for us. My second book, Christians: The Urgent Case for Jesus in Our World, seeks to find Jesus in the New Testament and among his first friends, and again among his friends today. It asserts that the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith are the same person, whereas divorcing those two has been central to the brutalist machinery of the disenchantment project. Re-establishing the credibility of the New Testament – not as the founding myth of Christianity but as the historical truth of Christianity, and indeed of human history, would help the human situation profoundly. It would also, incidentally, rescue Western civilisation. Many of the objections to the idea that the New Testament involves witness testimony to real events comes from good-hearted folks whose knowledge of biblical scholarship doesn’t only incline them to an ultraliberal version of Christianity, with Jesus stripped of divinity, but whose sense of biblical scholarship is out of date. Up until the 1960s or ’70s, it was fairly common to hear a popularised version of an ultraliberal interpretation of the New Testament that held it was the end point of a long process of oral tradition that changed radically over the years with the telling, and that much of the miraculous and divine stuff had been inserted, perhaps centuries later, by church authorities to suit their own agendas, sometimes moral agendas, more often power agendas. This interpretation was always wrong, but it was once semi-respectable in scholarly circles and widely and mistakenly held in popular culture. In so far as it had a flickering half-life within Christianity, it often came to people through American celebrity Episcopalian bishop John Shelby Spong. Within Christianity it lingers in this way. The real division within Christian churches now is not so much between denominations but within denominations, between those who believe Jesus rose from the dead and is the second person of the Holy Trinity of the Godhead, and those who take a view with less divine claims. In other words, between those who believe, say, in the Apostles Creed, and those who, for whatever reason, don’t. At the wider social level, books and films such as The Da Vinci Code have popularised all manner of crazy conspiracy theories, based on the bedrock of the old modernist contention that the New Testament is all fiction, folklore or falsehood. But high-quality modern scholarship is moving strongly to the view that the New Testament involves authentic testimony. This is a complex process and any generalisation about biblical scholarship has a thousand contrary examples. But a series of interlocking dynamics has led to the validation of the New Testament as a historic source in the new scholarship. One is the ongoing process of archaeology. This process yields real, hard, new facts. It is less a process of inference. If archaeology discovers an object from the ancient world, all subsequent scholarship has to take it into account. The second big factor is a vastly increased attention to the Jewishness of Jesus, of his first followers and of the context in which he lived. There are a thousand reasons Christian scholars neglected this in the past, even as they regarded the Old Testament, the Jewish scriptures, as an essential part of Christianity. Historical work beyond biblical studies has now given us more knowledge of the Jewish context of Jesus than ever. And this, as much as anything, has tended to validate the New Testament. Finally, Christian scholars themselves have become much more rigorous in their approach to historical research and this has been rewarding. Christian schol¬ars and leaders work more co-operatively across denominations than before. The previous pope, Benedict, himself a formidable scholar, was very scriptural in his intellectual approach and this endeared him to Bible-centred Protestants. Two important caveats. Many biblical scholars who accept now that the New Testament involves important testimony, including witness testimony, do not embrace belief in Christianity. They still might hold that the resurrection did not happen, could not happen, was a mistaken account or a dishonest account. No one any longer seriously holds it was inserted a hundred years later by scheming church authorities. Second, Christians themselves should not have their beliefs determined by biblical scholarship. Most biblical scholarship is inferential and a little speculative. It ought to have a certain becoming modesty about the certitude of its speculations. It is not because of a trend in scholarship that I believe in Christianity. But modern people, indoctrinated from birth with the hard disenchantment doctrine that the New Testament is all lies, should be aware of just how profound a revolution has taken place in biblical scholarship. So back to the synagogue in Migdal. This is another important piece of evidence that has come out even since the publication of my modest effort, Christians. The background is this. Before 2008, some scholars held that there had been no synagogues in the Galilee area during Jesus’ time. Until then, there had been no conclusive archaeological evidence of a Galilee synagogue in Jesus’ time. One theory was that Jews in the Galilee were so close to Jerusalem that they could travel there to the Jewish temple, the Second Temple, for important festivals. Around AD70, decades after Jesus’ death, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple. So the local Jewish community started to build local synagogues, some of which are well known archaeologically. As so often, scholars were mistaking the absence of evidence for the evidence of absence. Thus some scholars argued that when the Gospels spoke of Jesus teaching at Galilee synagogues, this was an indication that the Gospels had been written long after AD70. Because there were synagogues by then, the Gospel authors were mistakenly assuming that the situation had been the same in the time of Jesus. If true this would indicate a late dating for the Gospels and that they were not written either by witnesses or by people who knew witnesses. Then in 2008, in a routine excavation before the building of a new resort, the Israel Antiquities Authority discovered the ruins of a synagogue from the time of Jesus, also in Migdal. This was a revolutionary discovery and the site was riddled with historical treasures. In the next few years two other synagogues from Jesus’ time were discovered. And now this week a second synagogue in Migdal. Many visitors to Israel have been to the ruins of the synagogue at Capernaum, where Jesus also taught. This is a later synagogue, perhaps 4th century. but intriguingly it was built on the foundations of an earlier building. It was the custom to build sacred buildings where old ones had stood, so that may well be a fifth Galilee synagogue from Jesus’ time. Doubtless more will be discovered. So in this matter, the scholars were wrong, the New Testament was right. Let me offer a second example. The most important book of biblical scholarship in the past 20 years was Jesus and the Eyewitnesses by Richard Bauckham, especially the second edition in 2017. He takes advantage of a magnificent database that Jewish scholars have assembled of the distribution and popularity of Jewish names through the centuries. It turns out that the spread of the Jewish names across the whole New Testament – not in any one book but across the whole – matches more or less exactly with the preponderance of Jewish names of New Testament times. This would have been impossible to fake. Imagine writing a historical novel now about Australia 200 years ago without access to such a database. Would you get the names right? Many archaeological discoveries have validated the New Testament. A stone inscription showed the Gospels had Pontius Pilate’s official title right, Roman historian Tacitus got it wrong. A physical fragment of John’s Gospel found in Egypt put an absolute limit on the date of its composition. There are countless others. So here is the good news. The New Testament is true. God is alive after all. Meaning and transcendence reign. Enchantment is back. Greg Sheridan is The Australian's foreign editor. His most recent book, Christians, the urgent case for Jesus in our world, became a best seller weeks after publication. It makes the case for the historical rel... Read more Related stories • The West may not survive its own woke madness • Time to reassess Mary, the first Christian • ‘I couldn’t function without my faith’